Countrys I Will Visit

Someone ones told me if I planned to travel and I answered him â€Å"no†. So he just told me this â€Å"The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page† (Mr. Sadeiki 9th grade). It kept me thinking and well I decided to travel. I believe traveling will make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. I made my bucket list and the three countries I would love to visit the most would be Mexico, The Bahamas, and Brazil. Let’s move on to why Mexico is my one of my chose in visiting. Mexico was the place where I was born and I only got to live there for three years.I have always wanted to go back but just to go visit. I want to visit it because most of my family lives there and I would like to meet them. I’ve heard and done some research on some of the beaches that Mexico has. They look very nice and clean somewhere that someone would like to go visit a lot, but not just its beaches but also the nice histor y that it has. Like the pyramids of the Aztecs and the courts of a sport they played called Ullamaliztli. After visiting Mexico I would love to go and visit the Bahamas. Imagine a world where you can’t tell where dreams begin and reality ends.These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And they're like no other places on Earth (www. bahamas. com pg1). The Bahamas are unique because they have super clear water that you could see your feet as if you are in a pool. There so clear that you could see 200ft down with no problem. The Bahamas have a lot of islands and beautiful sights especially the beaches. The people always have a lay back attitude (like leave the problems for tomorrow). They are very friendly and like to celebrate a lot. They also have a history and a lot of historical places that make it look like a paradise like its treasures.Talking about paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. Brazil is a country of great natural beauty. Dazzling beaches and r ainforests are a few of the superlative attractions that await visitors. Brazil is also home to a people of great ethnic and cultural diversity, whose heritage is expressed in vibrant art and celebrations, historical cities and bustling urban centers. Here are some of the main reasons why I would like to travel to Brazil. Brazil has 62 national parks were you are able to see its amazing landscapes and ecosystem. I will visit all 62 parks.The amazing thing that Brazil has is its celebrations and events they have threw out the year. They bring lots of joy into life and color. Its history also attracts me a lot because it has temples and lots of other things. It will bring joy to me and make me a better person. Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. That’s why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. If not I will travel them alone because it will probably be even more fun than with someone. I will get started by getting my passport and save some money.I hope to do this traveling by when I turn 25 years old. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one? I hope you choose to travel like I am. Three Countries I will Visit (outline) * Intro: Hook- ‘The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page’†¦ Thesis- I believe traveling will make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. a. Mexico b. The Bahamas c. Brazil Transition- Let’s move on to why Mexico is my first chose in visiting. Body Para A: Mexico was the place where I was born and I only got to live there for three years. a. Would like to visit my relatives b. They have great beaches. c. The historical places Transition- After visiting Mexico my third chose would be the Bahamas. * Body Para B: Imagine a world where you can’t tell where dreams begin and reality ends. These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And they're like no other places on Earth. a. They have clear waters b. People always have a lay back attitude. c. It looks like paradiseTransition- Talking about paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. * Body Para C: Brazil is a country of great natural beauty. a. Amazing landscapes b. Celebration and events c. Its historical cities and its beaches Transition- Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. * Conclusion: That’s why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. Call for action: I will get started by getting my passport and save some money. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one?

Tadahiro Uesugi

Is an Illustrator and an animator, who works In Japan. He creates intuitive drawings of landscapes, characters, and scenery, using innovative colors and textures. He was born in 1966. HE graduated Setup Mode Seminar of Nagasaki Setup, a school focusing on fashion Illustration. After graduating, he worked as an assistant for Magna artist Juror Attaining for 7 years. He now is a freelance Illustrator, illustrating for magazine, advertisements, book covers, movie posters, and concept art and CD Jackets. He appreciates France, and French artists such as Immobile.As part of his works, he contributed to French Ell, and designed a one-sheet poster for Japanese theatrical release of the French feature film â€Å"Beautiful Dorchester†. He recently won an Annie Award for his work as a concept artist, and a production designer on the stop motion Feature Film â€Å"Coralline†. Not a lot about Glues Is shared to public, but he has been sharing his techniques and step-by-step process es of creating his work on Japanese magazines. It Is not rare that people do not notice that he Is work are computer graphic art. He sees Photos, and his custom brush tool to create his work.Firstly, he draws everything in grayscale with his graphics tablet. Then he changes the image into color by changing each different tones of grey Into a color. When that Is done. He adds texture to the image by overlaying the texture image onto the artwork. He explained In the Interview he did for a magazine, that he Is trying to make his pieces close to reality yet not too realistic and keep some bits abstract. He also talked that at the earlier stage of his career, he was trying to fit the target audience of the magazine and was trying to create a piece that fitted the purpose rather than freely expressing himself.Recently however, the types of Job that he gets got wider In range, so he has much more freedom to work with. â€Å"Before I mainly drew people, but it slowly changed to putting peo ple in sceneries and I started to notice that the people started to become smaller and smaller. On top of that, when I started to become more conscious of the â€Å"light†, the contrast of the screen grew stronger. In a whole the tone became darker. (Jokingly) If I think about it, his might be a bad tendency for Illustrating. His illustrations are very strange in a way that they look like paintings. In addition to toy 2 and most significantly natural. Only few of his pieces use very vibrant colors, so the illustrations give this monochromatic look, but there are still many different colors present. As he studied fashion illustration in the university, his main models are women. So many of the women in the illustrations are seen with high heels, pretty eyelashes and very skinny body. Although he creates so many illustrations, many of his actual artworks are untitled.

Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction

Rhetorical Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning Summary Although the collective knowledge in the field of Pedagogy on how readers, â€Å"actually carry out this interpretive process with college-level expository text is rather limited† (Haas and Flower 167). The study in discussion would like to help the understanding of this constructive, rhetorical view of reading.Throughout the article, Haas and Flower emphasize how students â€Å"are good readers in the traditional sense†¦ yet, they paraphrase rather than analyze, summarize rather than criticize texts† (170). This brings up two key points that Haas and Flower discuss in a relation to rhetorical reading strategies, in student reader-writers. According to the research Haas and Flower conducted, only about one percent of students use the rhetorical reading strategy, which means that most students don’t criticize and analyze text that they read.Most students mainly use the Content and Feature/F unctional reading strategy, rather than deconstructing the text, they just say the basic things, and summarize which brings up the question, how does the constructive process play itself out in the actual thinking process of reading? Haas and Flower purpose that readers â€Å"construct meaning by building multifaceted, interwoven, representation of knowledge† (168).The main focus Haas and Flower have throughout the article is the fact that students are staying at the â€Å"mediocre† level while reading, instead of breaking down the text and actually analyzing what the author(s) were trying to say. Haas and Flower want students to get use to using the rhetorical strategy, since it will help students better understand the text they read especially as they continue on with higher education Works Cited Haas, Christina and Flower, Linda. â€Å"College Composition and Communication† Reading Strategies and the Construction of Meaning. 1988

Validity of qualitative research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Validity of qualitative research - Essay Example ent to which results, as the researcher presents them, are consistent with the offered perceptions by the research participants in a study (Lodico, Spailding and Voegtle, 2010). Many strategies exist for improving validity or credibility in a qualitative research. Extending a study to cover a long period is one of the strategies to improving validity. This offers sufficient time for interaction between a researcher and research participants and reduces chances of misconceptions towards data that do not represent perception of research participants or reality on observed phenomenon. An ethnographic study is an example and longer period allows the researcher to understand cultural values of participants into observed behavior. Triangulation is another strategy for improving validity of a qualitative study. This involves application of more than one strategy in the research process. An example is the use of observation together with interviews in data collection to ensure consistency in collected data. Obtaining validation from research participants is another approach to improving validity or credibility in a qualitative research and may involve secondary con tacts with participants for confirmation of collected data (Yin, 2011). My experience with qualitative research at academic and professional levels justifies this. Studies on perception towards arts for marketing purposes are

Supervision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supervision - Essay Example The manager should not only give orders but also try to work with his subordinates in order to understand their point of view and the nature of the work. This will also help in determining whether there is any time management problem or any other difficulties faced by his subordinates during their performance or not. Until the manager works with the people he manages he will not be able to judge the performances – negative or positive of his workers. In all situations he should take decisions in a totally unbiased way to solve problems irrespective of its complexity. This approach might seem difficult but would take him a long way in his career. He should also possess the capability to adapt himself to the changes. He should direct his subordinates and make budget adjustments in a manner in which the changing conditions and demands are met appropriately. In doing all this he should never forget his primary task – the responsibility to always keep the customers of his or ganization satisfied by providing the highest quality of products and services. Ability to lead people: Leadership qualities are of topmost importance for any manager to be successful. He should lead his team in such a manner that there is no misunderstanding and conflict within the group. Under his able leadership the primary goal of all the workers should be to work towards the common goal. The manager should have the capacity to recognize that if perfect leadership guides talented people, then nothing can come in the way of accomplishment of the goal. A manager can become a good leader only if he treats everyone equally. He should know the tact of getting the desired work done from an average worker and also possess the skill of praising good work. This will enhance the enthusiasm of the workers, which will result in better performances. He should know how to use words that provide constructive feedback without harming anyone’s self esteem. If a

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own teaching (educational review, Essay

Reflect on and analyse feedback on own teaching (educational review, 3000 words) - Essay Example The reflection on these actions allows the engaged individual to employ continuous learning methods (Schon, 1983). The individual tends to learn from his actions in order to continuously improve and the resulting improvements are then used as future learning material. This makes the reflective practice method both dynamic and continuous. This is not to indicate that professionals relying on reflective practice tend to use their own experiences to learn but it serves to indicate that the reliance on personal experiences for learning is greater. Though reflective practice has been around for a few decades now but its wide scale application to professional practice has emerged in the last few years. A number of different models have been brought forward to delineate reflective practice including (but not limited to) models by Argyris and Schon (1978), Kolb (1984), Gibbs (1988), Johns (1995) and Rolfe (2001). Among these models of reflective practice, the model presented by Kolb (1984) h as gained widespread attention and acclaim. This paper will rely on the model presented by Kolb (1984) in order to advance arguments for reflective practice in a clinical setting aimed at learning. ... One key aspect of the model is the transformation of information into knowledge after a particular situation has occurred.16* Figure 1 – Kolb’s Reflective Practice Model (1984) extracted from (Schugurensky, 2002) Reflection on the Subject Teaching Session A teaching session was held in order to disseminate information and knowledge gathered through a continual and dynamic reflective practice run. The attendants for the session ranged from registrars to senior health officers (SHOs) so a widely differing audience was worked with using the teaching session. A key assumption before the teaching session was that members of the audience would be able to assimilate the provided information at the same rates or nearly at the same rates (Boss & Krauss, 2007). However, the teaching session proved beyond doubt that personal learning issues were far overtaken by learning issues based on position in the organisation. The learning styles for registrars and SHOs tended to differ wide ly so that certain concepts had to be repeated in order to ensure that all members of the audience were on the same page. Based on this observation, it would be relevant to utilise different teaching sessions or a wide variety of different teaching techniques to capture the differences in knowledge of such an audience. One method employed to keep the attention of the audience was to utilise quizzes that were presented at intermittent intervals during the teaching session (Darzi, 2008). It could be noticed that the audience seemed more involved in solving the problems presented by the quizzes rather than concentrating on slides one after the other. This observation also had another significant undertone. The subject teaching session

Self-Evaluation paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self-Evaluation paper - Assignment Example Following discussion seeks to prove my point on grounds of logical evidence which I will be using to advance my interests. I have always remained very interested in the English language. It has always sounded very beautiful to me which served to augment my interest in majoring in this language despite not being a native speaker. I have written many essays during the course of this semester which served to refine my writing skills and boost my confidence. I perfectly well remember the traumatic state of cognitive dissonance I found myself in when I first landed in this foreign country. My knowledge of the English language used to be quite succinct back then as a result of which I was not very fluent in speaking this language let alone writing essays laced with all possible kinds of literary embellishments. I encountered many hurdles and went through countless heavy experiences, but what I gained as a result will continue to benefit me throughout life. I am of course speaking about what I learned during this semester and how in many different ways it helped me in becoming an accomplished writer who takes pride in his skills. It is not my intention to use this medium to build my reputation as a person who is cocksure of his credentials or performance and has become excessively haughty as a result. Rather, I am fully aware that despite amassing much valuable experience, I am still not an above average student. However, given the fact that I am international student and English is not my native language, it would not be empty mockery to suggest that I have put my skills to good use. These skills I acquired during the course of this semester which enabled me to become free from the clutches of some serious deficiencies. After deep analysis of all I went through this semester and all I gained in the process more importantly, it is safe to assume that this grade B is the grade I rightfully deserve. I do not want my professor to see me as a

Role in Criminal Procedure of US Constitution Essay

Role in Criminal Procedure of US Constitution - Essay Example In the US Constitution itself, there is an Article that includes provision for both pre-trial and trial rights. Article III, Section. 2, Clause 3 indicates that â€Å"[t]he Trial of all Crimes [†¦] shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed [†¦]† (National Archives, â€Å"Constitution of the United States, Art.III,  §.2, cl.3†, 1787) This passage determines two important elements of criminal procedure, namely the jury and venue. These are crucial while they describe the place and method of criminal procedure.As for the Bill of Rights, there are several Amendments that are relevant to the current research question. To be more specific, Amendments Fifth, Sixth and Eight seem to be the most important to determining criminal procedure. Within the Fifth Amendment, there are several crucial points to understand in regard to criminal procedure. First, this Amendment rejects punishment for capital or i nfamous crimes except for specific cases. Similarly, in the Eight Amendment, it is stated that â€Å"[e]xcessive bail shall not be required†, nor â€Å"excessive fines, nor cruel and unusual punishments.† (National Archive, â€Å"Bill of Rights, Amendment VIII†, 1789) Second, Amendment V also indicates that one person will not be answering twice for the same crime. Third, any person has the right not to witness against oneself. Finally, the Amendment does not allow the punishment of a person without due juridical process. (National Archive, â€Å"Bill of Rights, Amendment V†, 1789).

Charlotte's Webb marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Charlotte's Webb marijuana - Essay Example Their argument is based from scientific study that has proven that there are chemicals in marijuana that are active called cannabinoids. This controversy is kind of a fact because cannabinoids which are a big family of chemicals related to delta-9-tetrahydrocannanibal (THC) which is marijuana’s major psychoactive ingredient. Apart from THC the marijuana plant contains more than one hundred cannabinoids. Scientists and makers of drugs have also synthesized many cannabinoids in the testing ground .this however is used to treat pain and nausea at some countries Charlotte’s web is a name that originated from a child known as charlotte Figs who was the first to attempt the strain around two years ago. This child suffered about 60 seizures for a period of 24 hours. Her parents confidently say that the child has no strain anymore.Cannabidiol is conceived to hinder or act as a barrier on parts of the brain that lead to epileptic seizures and as excitants in other parts that decrease them. Says Igor Grant, he is a director of the university of California’s center for medicinal cannabis Research though this remains unproven (Myma, 2001). When a an epilepsy patient and his doctor agrees that they will use marijuana to treat epilepsy.it follows that they should consider legal matters and safe access to medical marijuana and they should take it before they act or decide to use it.This bases are derived from Charlotte Fig, who came up with this issuewho suffer from DraveSyndrome, it is known to be a genetic disorder that causes more severe epilepsy. It was noted that there has been instant decrease in Figs seizures and removal of her need for seizures drugs that has been caused by high number of CBD and low THC that is found in medical marijuana (Mitch, 2002). Pros and cons in my opinion are full support to patients and families

Discuss Classic Film Posters Essay Example for Free

Discuss Classic Film Posters Essay Introduction Movie posters today are considered collectibles and rare ones fetch high prices. Great movie posters are hard to find. Historically, most posters are cut and paste jobs that do not sell the movie very well while a great poster could intrigue, shock, inspire as well as excite.   To create sensation and convince viewers, it should be aesthetically beautiful or original as well memorable that a single glance will make the viewer go inside the theatre to watch. According to Kinross (1991), graphic design is the activity that evolved out of what has been known as ‘commercial art’ closely linked to advertising, drawn or painted illustration. The graphic designer is generally acknowledged among themselves as professional designers who are able to work across a range of fields with different media including companies and corporate bodies, book or magazine publishing, exhibition design, signing and architectural graphics, television graphics, posters, among others. Hollis acknowledged that up to the Second World War, artists who are either painters or sculptors such as Kurt Schwitters, Willi Baumeister, and Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart. He also added that there had been a crisis in design as computerized designers go off in one direction led by Basel-Wolfgang Weingart and commercially developed by April Greiman and the New Wave of Americans (Kinross, 1991). â€Å"It was something to do with graphic and typographic freedom and with making new images, presenting information as a decorative style†¦ emerged from the new technology of the computer,† Hollis said (Kinross, 1991, p 75). Hollis also believed then that the graphic designer does not control the content of what he or she is designing. He also observed that in postmodernism, there is a large element of eclecticism that borrow past styles and apply them such as what Bruno Mongunzzi, a classic modern typographer and an intelligent designer who is â€Å"not highly original †¦ [with the] notion of â€Å"I don’t want to be interesting, I want to be good,† (p 75). Hollis delineated art as pre aesthetic information while graphics is information which could inevitably become aesthetic. Hollis and Kinross agree that â€Å"graphic design is modernism in the graphic field†¦ the conjunction of image and text† (p 76) of which Hollis emphasized the importance of the relationship between image and text. Lithography (from 1800) was credited to allow joining of image and text laboriously by hand. Likewise, aside from text and image, there was also the conjunction of image and image where photography provided raw material for montage such as John Heartfield’s, and by making surrealism possible images which appeared to be machine-made. Photography was considered as the central generator of graphic design of the modern movement citing the Volkswagen advertisement in particular (Kinross, 1991). Design as also closely linked, if not overlapped with advertising starting the 1960s. Hollis proposed that it was difficult to separate graphics from marketing which is, â€Å"a distinctly bourgeois activity, which has occasionally, probably through pop music, had connections with some sort of mass culture,† (Kinross, 1991, p 79-80). This paper shall try to discuss the organization, design, use of colour, spatial layout, and lettering in the movie posters: The Bridge on the River Kwai, The Guns of Navarone, The Magnificent Seven, and The Great Escape with the above premise. Discussion: The Bridge on the River Kwai. Design This poster uses period book-type design with an obvious elongated presentation. The type spacing or leading is not controlled and seem to take up much space to provide cramped texts that followed, including the movie title. It also uses illustrations in layered format from the smallest image below, a bigger image above it, and the biggest one showing up close in action the lead character. In fact, the rectangle below the introductory four-line texts seem to be a book cover superimposed on the lower small image with the matching text so that the poster seem to have used a book cover itself. Color The use of color is impressive as the classic eye-catching combination of yellow and red are used. A little of blue text complemented the overall mix of colors. Spatial Lay-out As mentioned earlier, there seem to be a followed desire to use a book cover format with introductory catch lines above and supporting details just below the book cover image. The concept, although longer than the usual movie poster, is impressive. Lettering Type fonts were already used in this print but the title â€Å"The Bridge on the River Kwai† is definitely hand-executed in bold, uneven manner which is very prominent. The Guns of Navarone. Design This one uses comics-type illustration and classic poster size to present strong images of the lead characters and the sea. Already, the use of the classic movie poster lay-out is laid and presented making this one in hand-lettering and cut and paste rendition one for the books. Color The use of the yellow/brown and red combination is another notable characteristic of this movie poster. It is catchy with a huge single image in symmetrical balance with the lead credits. However, its catch line superimposed on the image is not very noticeable or striking. Lettering The Guns of Navarone is also hand-executed with uneven yet type-cast style showing ethnic influence in the design and lettering. The bigger presentation of the lead character names overshadow the movie title, showing that the characters are more saleable than the story plot. Or that each could help sell the other. A witty approach towards commercialism. Spatial Lay-out The use of space and overall design of the poster is pleasing and symmetrical. It is also-well-balanced and does not stray the attention away from it. The Magnificent Seven. Design The Magnificent Seven uses the number image as its main design structure showcasing the face of the lead characters. It has a convincing approach to the use of graphics and confining images in a relevant manner so as to emphasize the number. Color Once again, the colors red and yellow are very evident in this poster although the gray, black and white images of the faces and heads confined within the number add a balance that mutes the overwhelming yellow. The use of the neutrals or muted hues is very rational as use of human flesh colors could drown the effect red and yellow provide. However, additional color on the images below the number 7 could have provided more impact, intrigue and variety. Spatial Lay out The lay-out is quite crampy within the confines of the number 7, with much waste on the sides of each space. The limitation could have been the effect of printing graphics at that time. Use of machine is already evident at this poster and the font sizes and the wasted spaces provide a glimpse of experimentation being used. Lettering A combination of hand-executed lettering and machine type, this one shows the limitation of graphic design during the period. The Great Escape. Design Considered the quad poster, this one uses horizontal design to present the entire poster. The balance is achieved through the placement of small catch line on the left and the title and image on the center-right. Color The use of basic red and blue is very effective as black balances the off-white color of the reversed title in big fat fonts. Spatial lay out There is also the experimentation of text size in this poster. While balance is being achieved, there is also the wastage of some space where the catch line could have gained advantage. However, since commercial design was in its adolescent stage, this is forgivable. Lettering Machine seems to be the evident executor at this poster. Every letter size and type are uniformed and the limited use of space made it more obvious. Conclusion The period when photographs are hardly used, comic and book art illustrations were used in movie posters. These posters achieved classic popularity and acceptance due to use of what are typically accepted design concepts at that time; use of basic colors red, yellow and blue which appear striking against one another at the same time catchy in the commercial sense, attainment of balance and symmetry by not tilting the meter of text and photos to only a single side, or plain use of centering. The lay-out and ettering are evidently limited due to time and resources restrictions. However, in a period when posters were used as announcements and not exactly collectible graphic arts, these are acceptable norms for movie posters. Current trends, however, may provide new design concepts that may or may not be considered acceptable in any other given period. Design mutates, and popular taste is conditioned, influenced, as well as acquired. So does design and movie posters. Reference: Kinross, Robin (1992). â€Å"Conversation with Richard Hollis on Graphic Design History.†Ã‚   Journal of Design History 5 (3) 73-93. Hershenson, Bruce (1998). â€Å"A History of Movie Posters.† Reel Classics.

Analysis of Chinas Healthcare Systems

Analysis of Chinas Healthcare Systems China went through a drastic change in 1978 from communism to a better economic change by Deng Xiaoping. He ushered china into new era. Even though he made huge reforms economically, China was lacking any significant reforms in medical systems. China prior to 1978 had a centralized medical system. Now its split between private and public services. Chinas public healthcare is inconsistent. The developed and established cities have easy and direct access to hospitals and lot of advanced medical services but the rural areas and towns dont have even basic medical needs. The quality in some health care facilities is up to Western standards even though their methods are different. (Gao,chen,4). Health care system is divided into government and private sector. Government provided majority of healthcare infrastructure and private sector provided majority of health funding. China urban health care system implemented new Basic Medical Insurance system (BIS) for urban employees, co-funded by employer and employee. Also, launched pilot projects to cover urban residents even outside workforce. Rural Health care system was also started consists of new co-operative medical health insurance system co-funded by government and rural population. By the end of 2007, NCMS covered 86% or rural population and is target to cover 100% by 2010. China is one of the fastest ageing countries and has more people aged 65 years. Chinas health care system during 1948-1978. Centrally Planned. Health care for all. Reimbursement system. Urban Health Insurance Plans GIS and LIS. Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (CMS). Face of healthcare was barefoot doctor. No private clinics/hospitals. Another reform between 1978- 2000, decentralization Healthcare responsibility shifted to local bodies. Collapse of traditional healthcare system. Out-of-pocket expenditure increased drastically.   Permission granted for profit hospitals and clinics. Between 2000 -2005, merger of GIS and LIS into Basic Urban Employee Health Insurance plan à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Rural co-operative medical scheme launched. Commercial insurers allowed to enter market. And in 2005-2012, healthcare for all. The new health care reforms focused on expanding health insurance coverage and improve healthcare system. The reforms also focused improving the quality in delivery of health services. Chinas elderly population is around 200 million and is increasing but their health-care and facilities are decreasing. Due to lack of health-care 3/4th of their elderly population is suffering from non-communicable diseases. Their health care system is unfair and is not changed according to the meeting needs of new age. Only a small percentage of population is covered by proper health-care. The elderly population has only few nursing homes and rehabilitation services. (Hamed,3) Moreover, the elderly population have less knowledge about safeties and precautions. Health-care education and promotion of safety guidelines are necessary. Many diseases can be avoided with by properly educating and spreading the safety principles. Public health care funding decreased over the years and at the same time house hold expenditure raised. China tried to change and improve their health-care system over the years through fee for service plan to reimbursement affects even then the health-care system is under stress. Increasing in the number of aging population and decrease in younger generations will cripple the country in the future. Moreover, the ageing population is a burden on the economy. (Wang, Chen,1). Government Initiatives to Meet Elderly Society Challenge. Implementation of various chronic-disease prevention programs at national level. Local government agencies training laid-off workers in long-term care. New reforms enabled for special geriatric medical training at undergraduate level. The number of geriatric units also are increased. Government and private organization efforts has increased elderly home and gave raise to many new nursing homes. Community based elderly care services were also started in many urban areas. Government has understood the health issues and started to allocate more funds towards imp roving elderly care. Chinas government health expenditure spending is very low according to international standards per capita expenditure is also low. Between 1987-2007, China has increased its efforts in improving health status of its population. Chronic diseases, non-communicable diseases accounted for 80% deaths. People of china had a high exposure rate to risk factors. Since 2003, many safety precautions and awareness campaigns are lead to protect people from infectious diseases. Health organizations also have focused eradicating water borne illness. Later huge investments were carried out to stop water borne pollution. A new national environmental performance information disclosure program has also been started to improve health care. Chinas population relatively young by international standards à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢However, rapid aging will soon begin in China. Chinas one child policy and aging population are creating huge economic and social challenges for society from growing and developing. These are some of the issues that are causing stress on Chinas health care system. References 1) Gao, Chen, Xu, Fei, and Liu, Gordon G. Payment Reform and Changes in Health Care in China. Social Science Medicine 111 (2014): 10. Web. 2)  Hamed, Abdula. The Problems of Chinas Health Care System Reasons for This Development and Improvement Suggestions. Hamburg: Diplomica Verlag, 2010. Web. 3) Wang, and Chen. Population Ageing Challenges Health Care in China.The Lancet 383.9920 (2014): 870. Web. 4)  The Lancet. Ageing in China: A Ticking Bomb. The Lancet 388.10056 (2016): 2058. Web.

Tourism Crisis Management Techniques Tourism Essay

Tourism Crisis Management Techniques Tourism Essay Today the inescapable media exposes even the most impromptu viewer to our current world of hazard, disaster and crisis; from Northern Africa and the Middle Easts political unrest and upheaval, to earthquakes in New Zealand, Turkey and Haiti, cyclones and floods in Australia and the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. It was once believed that whichever countries controlled the worlds oil reserves would forever prosper however with the realisation that the supply is not ever ending many UAE States such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi have turned to tourism to secure a continued future income into the country. Tourism is facing an ever increasing threat from crises coming in all shapes and forms, causing it to become even more necessary to develop effective disaster prediction and management plans with an instantaneous recovery strategy to mitigate the impact of any crisis. The nature of the tourism environment will be shown highlighting its global importance whilst introducing different causes an d types of crises supported with numerous examples. Alongside this the hardships faced by the industry and the techniques use to minimise the impact will also be seen. The events of the first decade of the 21th century may lead one to believe that it is a bleak time for the tourism industry and a recessive time for the overall tourism environment however even despite the current economic crisis, to which tourism is not immune, the World Tourism Organization forecasts 1.6 billion international tourists by the year 2020. The importance of world tourism is reflected by The World Travel and Tourism council, whose figures show that the contribution of the Travel and Tourism Economy to GDP was 9.3% in 2010 and will rise to 9.7% by 2020. Cabrini (2010) expressed that tourism is not only important economically it also important for human development as it provides income to some of the worlds poorest people. The extraordinary growth of tourism requires increasing attention from all stakeholders on its sustainability and contribution to world development. Over time, an ever increasing number of destinations have opened up and invested in tourism development , turning modern tourism into a key driver for socio-economic progress through the creation of jobs and enterprises, infrastructure development and the export revenues earned. It is believed that the majority of the tourism in the world is international however the large majority of international travel takes place within the travellers own region, with about four out of five world arrivals originating from the same region. As economic development permeates through the Chinese middle class, so does the demand for new destinations with, in 2010, China having the worlds largest domestic tourism market. Their ethos can be summed up by the British journalist, novelist and poet Gilbert Keith Chesterton, the whole object of travel is not to set foot on foreign land; it is at last to set foot on ones own country as a foreign land. The SARS epidemic in 2003 was one of the most serious public health crises of a decade having the potential to seriously damage or even freeze the tourism industry in China. Crisis management techniques which are strategies, processes and measures which are planned an put into force to prevent and cope with crises (Glaesser, 2006) were immediately implemented and after initially stalling and prevaricating causing the tourism industry to suffer for more than three months, the Chinese government managed to control SARS before it became a global catastrophe. This accomplishment required political will, national mobilisation and a series of support policies such as the exemption of administrative, operation and construction taxes, the provision of discount loans and quality assurance deposits to travel agencies (Dombey, 2004). China also developed its own practice of domestic tourism policies such as promotional campaigns like the 2009 China domestic travel fair in April 2009, partnerships like the collaboration between provinces themselves and national and provincial tourism administrators; they also implemented fiscal policies, investing around US$140 million and price cutting where Beijing started to issue two million free tickets of scenic spots to domestic tourists along with longer national holidays (Li, S.N 201 0). Source markets for international tourism are still largely concentrated in the industrialized countries of Europe, the Americas and Asia and the Pacific, however, with rising levels of disposable income, many emerging economies have shown fast growth over recent years. Tourism as a product is itself a function of risk, which is a perceived probability of negativity associated with a tourists behaviour or destination choice. Risk is not a tangible aspect of travel; it is what tourists perceive and experience during the process of purchasing and consuming tourism related services and while being at the destination (Cooper et al, 2008). Travel risk has a great influence on a tourists decision and if the risk perceptions are too high than a destination can suffer greatly as risk averse tourists, who have a diminishing marginal utility, are deterred from the visiting. Tourism is an economic sector whose response to negative events is like no other, it has an above average sensitivity and is more susceptible to shocks and disruptions due to it being a highly perishable sector, requiring consumers to travel to a destination and the environment in which the destination is in. Tourism can be seen as a vulnerable industry for that its particular size and structure means that a large amount of little companies will be needed to provide a tourism experience that are all interdependent on one another. As tourism is a global industry even a country not directly related to a crises can easily be affected, for example even though 9/11 occurred in the US there was a snowball effect which caused not only the worst impact on the worldwide tourism industry since World War II, but also demonstrated how terrorism was able to trigger a slowdown of the whole worlds economy (Ali 2010). A greater number of countries are interlinked and have a degree of inseparability meaning that you cant separate a tourism experience from its place of production with Buhalis (2000) believing a destination is an amalgam of tourism services and experiences; also having to get tourists to the destination increases the level of risk by increasing volumes of people. The places in which tourism is located also increases its vulnerability, such as coastlines, and that the power of one natural disaster such as the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami whipped out all tourism amenities and accommodation, with world nations needing to provide over US$14 Billion in aid for damage regions (Jayasuriya 2010). Ski resorts are also another example, as mountains themselves are more hazardous than urban areas, but crisis management techniques, actions taken by firms in an attempt to control the progress and outcome of a crises (Laws 2006) are regularly imposed such as controlled avalanches. This example highlights that fundamentally crisis management should be embraced in a management system rather than as a threat moving away from it being a management reactive response. Tourist places are also affected by climate change, nowhere more so than the Seychelles and Maldives in the Indian Ocean which are both economically dependent on tourism, with the latters very existence being really threatened with rising sea levels. Tourism is also very sector specific relying heavily on transport and any disaster in this industry will have a great effect on tourism with the ash could over Europe in April 2010 grounding flights and closing airports. Crisis management strategies were instigated no more impressively so than KLM who took the chance to adopt social media to manage this crisis by using its Facebook page. It addressed every single wall post promptly providing much timely information to customer service with regards to re-booking, detailed reports and location specific information (Tan 2010). Tourist destinations are also often seen as soft targets for terrorism as tourists are easy to spot and stand out from natives in any area. They are essentially a big target in a small area for example in October 2002 a few bars in the tourist district of Kuta in Bali was targeted killing 202 people. If terrorist have a political motive targeting tourist is a influential way as there will be a mass influence on the media. Tourisms importance can also be seen in its intra and inter linked nature in figure 3, whether its with other tourism organisations and destinations or with governments and other industries. Figure 3 The tourism environment For example a British tour operator may use an Australian flag carrier to fly to Singapore and utilise a local transfer company to get to the Hong Kong based Shangri-La hotel. Leipers (1979) model of tourism takes into account all these stakeholders and includes all the elements intrinsic for a tourist to travel. Its power is inherent as it places tourism in the context of various external environments such as society, politics and economies which are fundamental for crisis management as these must all be assed when one takes place. A typical large scale disruption will force complex movements away from previous relationships which will then usually tend towards stability and equilibrium with Keown-McMullan (1997) noting that organisations and the way in which they interlink will undergo significant changes even when they are successful in managing a crisis situation. During and after a crisis, the destination and its organisations also have to manage their ongoing relations with oth ers in its network of partners. It is often the case that many services will have to be cancelled at very short notice, but, apart from the contractual obligations between partners, there are more fundamental issues of trust and reciprocity. Support organisations are also likely to make considerable efforts beyond their contractual responsibilities to assist in dealing with the problems that result from a crisis. Competitors often come together and provide extra resources to support a fellow member of the tourism industry. There has been an increase in the number of natural catastrophes from 20 in the 1950s to 91 in the 1900s and over 1000 in the 2000s (Glaesser, 2006) such as earthquakes in New Zealand in 2011 and Chile in 2010. Their impact on the world especially on the tourism industry has been heightened due to continued exponential population growth, climate change and human technological achievements. Tourism can also be plunged into crises due to manmade circumstances such as war, the 2000 coup in Fiji, disease and epidemic, the 2001 Foot-and-mouth outbreak in the UK and SARS across Asia 2002-2004, transport, the Air France Concorde crash in 2000, political and economic, the Global Financial Crisis in 2008 and recent events in Northern Africa and the Middle East, acts of terrorism, 9/11 and the bombings in Bali in 2002. It may be thought that the words crisis, disaster, catastrophe and hazard are all synonyms for each other however they all have very different meanings. Catastrophes are negative events which in contrast to a crisis have a clear inevitable outcome thus missing a crisis ambivalence of development and restructuring opportunities ex post. A hazard can be thought of as a lower level problem that would not in itself deter tourists from a destination but could be the swaying factor in a decision which was already uncertain; for example for a risk averse or neutral tourist. Smith (1995, from Ritchie 2004) believed that a disaster would spring from a hazard and that there are no such things as natural disasters only natural hazards with a disaster being the realisation of a hazard and its impact on society. A disaster and crisis can be similar as they both involve an event, natural or manmade, which impacts with such severity that the affected community, organisation or group has to respond by taking exceptional measures. There is often confusion when a crisis results as cause from a disaster with Falkner (2001) making the distinction that a crisis has some degree of being self inflicted through problems such as inept management structures and practices or a failure to adapt to change whilst a disaster has an element of no control as an enterprise is confronted with a sudden unpredictable catastrophic change. Some places may be associated with greater travel risk than others and thus even without an actual crisis taking place travellers may be deterred from that destination. In the context of tourism the World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) has defined a tourism crisis as any unexpected event that affects traveller confidence in a destination and interferes with its ability to continue operating normally and Sonmez (1998) as any occurrence which can threaten the normal operations and conduct of tourism related businesses, damage a tourist destinations overall reputation for safety, attractiveness and comfort by negatively affecting visitors perceptions of that destination and, interrupt the continuity of business operations for the local travel and tourism industry by the reduction in tourist arrivals and expenditures. These two definitions focus on the direct impact of the event itself however Beriman (2003) expressed a tourism crises as a situation requiring radical management action in response to events beyond the internal control of the destination, necessitating urgent adaptation of marketing and operational practices to restore the confidence of emp loyees, associated enterprises and consumers in the viability of the destination. Glaesser (2006) saw a crisis as an undesired, extraordinary, often unexpected and timely limited process with ambivalent development possibilities. It demands immediate decisions and countermeasures in order to influence the further development again positively for the organisation/destination and to limit the negative consequences as much as possible. A crisis situation is determined by evaluating the seriousness of the occurring negative events, which threaten, weaken or destroy competitive advantages or important goals of the organisation. In order to pursue the effectiveness of crisis management techniques on impact mitigation, we shall focus on the latter two definitions as they not only focus on the direct impact but also the ex post responses. Figure 6 below highlights the impact of any crisis showing that numerous parties would be affect due to tourisms interlinked nature. Figure 6 The various spheres of activity In observing that our environment appears to have become increasingly tumultuous and with the number of crisis increasing, Richardson (1994) suggested that this may not only because we live in a more complex and crowded world but because we have more powerful technology that has a real capacity to generate disasters, which complicates the process of isolating cause and effect relationships. Thus the boundaries between natural and manmade disasters are becoming increasingly blurred which needs to be taken into account in any analysis and critical evaluation. Ali (2010) highlighted that recently crisis management in the tourism industry seems to have received more attention in the generic fields of management and crisis management, whereas Henderson (2003) believed that despite the expanding literature in the field, the interaction between crisis and tourism in its multiples forms still appeared under-researched in comparison to other dimensions with scope for further scrutiny in pursuit of a better understanding. Sonmez (1998) argued that although there has been a large advocation of the necessity of crisis management efforts, few have explored solutions and preventative solutions possibly due to the grandeur of the task. Ritchie (2004) insisted that due to the different paradigmatic positions in crisis management, research must explore the attitudes and opinions of mangers and policy makers in both the private and public sector in order to test different models and concepts in the field. To see how crises are managed and whether the met hods employed are effective we must understand that there are many different stages. One of the most extensive works done was by Faulkner (2001) who developed a disaster management framework in tourism that provided a six-phase process. The first is the pre-event phase in which disaster contingency plans, scenarios and probability assessments play a major role in the disaster management strategy. Although the actual timing, location and severity of natural disasters cannot be accurately predicted it is possible to learn from the past to pre-plan emergency procedures and to mitigate the severity of such events by adopting appropriate building codes, escape routes and alternative measures. A study conducted by Boudreaux (2005) discussed the impact of the September 11, 2001 attacks on participants crisis preparation. It was stated that there has been a new emphasis on the security of their facilities and the use of government sanctioned training or meetings to support crisis preparation and highlight public safety. The second is the prodromal phase where the disaster is imminent and warning systems and command centres are established with contingency plans being initiated. The role of a crisis manager here is not reactive, but instead a proactive approach where information can be found in various places, such as internal and external audits, government legislation and industry publications. The third is the emergency phase in which the disaster effects are felt and actions are necessary to protect people in the tourism destination. A prime example of this was immediately after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in which tourists and locals had to flee for their lives seeking safety in any types of buildings with sizable ground clearance and authorities constructing shelters for disaster ridden South East Asians. The fourth is the intermediate phase in which short-term and immediate needs of people have to be addressed by emergency and rescue teams with a clear media communication strategy also being crucial in this phase. An example of t his was post Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season in which the US government alongside domestic and international aid agencies set up community shelters and organised food, water and sanitation programs. The fifth stage is the long-term (recovery) phase in which the damaged infrastructure has to be rebuilt, and environmentally damaged areas have to be reconstructed. A prime example is the 2010 Haiti earthquake in which Renois (2010) estimated that 250,000 residencies, 30,000 commercial buildings and 16,500 schools had collapsed or were severely damaged which all needed to be rebuilt. The final is the resolution phase corresponding to Finks (1986) where routine is restored or a new, improved state occurs. This stage identifies a clear end to the crisis; although organisations view this as the goal, it is not one to be rushed to. An organisations premature conclusion that Finks (1986) third chronic stage has ended can leave them vulnerable to the resurgence of the c risis. Due diligence in the earlier stages of the model must be practiced to ensure such a regression does not occur. Having explored crises in great detail we shall now move to see how they are handled in order to limit their damage. Crises occur on a scale spectrum that ranges from local through to global and in todays world, crisis and disaster management is a major requirement for all businesses, defence and government organisations. How efficiently any crisis or disaster is handled depends on the decision making capabilities and the resources available. While technical expertise can improve crisis avoidance or minimise the disruption resulting from a crisis good management is also need to deal with both the needs of those affected and the adverse publicity which might result. Policy makers are faced with the challenge of how to respond to such crises sometimes in the absence of any disaster management framework. Good crisis management is partly about the ability of organisations to learn from experience and that of others and partly about the willingness of leading organisations to carry out research and then pass on information which is required for effective pre-planning. Dreyer (2001) believes that it is o f prime urgency to assess the crisis early enough and to adopt existing crisis plans within the affected area and then later in the operational crisis management stage the goal is to manage the ongoing crisis and to limit damage. It is clear that a strategic approach to crisis planning and management is needed to help retain the confidence of travellers and the travel industry and to minimise the negative impact of crises on destinations. The goal is to get tourists back to affected destinations as quickly as possible and with good crisis management techniques this can be speedy. Regardless of crisis type, the techniques for dealing with it are similar. According to the UNWTO, good communications based on the principles of honesty and transparency together with communications, promotion, security and market research are the key to a successful strategy for crisis management. The early reports of a respiratory disease in one part of China didnt alarm the tourism industry in most countries and the first few days reports of the Foot and Mouth outbreak in the UK generated some concern but primarily for agriculture. In both cases measures were taken as a reaction which triggered an impact on tourism. The latter caused all footpaths and bridleways to be closed effectively closing the countryside to tourists and the latter made the travel advice given by governments and the WHO (World Health Organisation) made consumers and airlines change their plans. A large consequence of a crisis will be a substantial drop in sales volumes, for example the drop in turnover for airlines alone as a result of the Gulf War was estimated at 2 billion dollars (Blake and Sinclair 2003). Terrorist attacks in Egypt during the 1990s also caused tourist to stay away which meant that in the space of a year, the revenue from the international tourism industry for this destination droppe d by 1 billion US dollars. This was topped by the events of 9/11 in the USA, which caused not only the worst impact on the worldwide tourism industry since World War II, but also demonstrated how terrorism was able to trigger a slowdown of whole worlds economy. These examples illustrate how the tourism industry as an economic sector is challenged by negative events. It is therefore important to analyse negative events from every angle, to systematically identify critical success factors which are elements that organisations should focus on during a tourism crisis and integrate them to ensure effective strategic corporate orientation between different stakeholders, ensuring a most effective recovery plan. Lynch (2004) provides steps for tourism organisations that should be taken to mitigate the effect of a crisis over a three phase model, the first few weeks, three months and three years later. During phase one resources and media messages must be organised, statistics and scenario planning must be undertaken, mechanisms of communications within the tourism industry and customers must be established as some methods may have been destroyed and a wish list uniting all parties around a few key things articulated consistently. This time is likely to be frantic but is most important for the provision of human life. In phase two certain new realities will have influenced everyones thinking and there will be an urgent need to get customers travelling again. This is about tactical marketing to make sales and rebuild confidence, for example do you price cut or add value. The main things to focus on are making the case for financial support, lobbying for other measures which will help business with cash flows e.g. deferral of tax payments and providing good quality information to policy makers on how the crisis is developing. In the next three years (phase 3) it is necessary to wind down the crisis teams, promote the destination and focus on the return of the customer especially traditional customers. Systems changes will be now be being implemented and as we know new relationships will have formed which need to be nurtured. A recurring theme in crisis management is that of recovery and getting tourists back to the area and this is largely influenced by the medias response and so Beirman (2003) defines four steps in the marketing management of a destination crisis with the emphasis on how the crisis is managed in terms of the appearance projected. The first two steps are identifying the event or problem as a crisis or hazard with the latter just being a lower level problem that would not deter tourists in itself and establishing a crisis management team and defining roles, both which we have seen before. The difference is in the emphasis of the third step which is promoting the destination during and after the crisis, highlighting the importance of the media again in the recovery of a destination as crisis management is as much about dealing with human perceptions about the crisis and the management of a crisis as it is about physically resolving the crisis (Health, 1998 in Miller and Ritchie 2003). The last is monitoring the recovery and analysing the crisis experience in order to learn from the situation and improve their techniques. There are numerous crisis management frameworks or models available for companies and destinations to base their activity on. One suggested was by Heath (1998, from Ritchie 2009) known as the 4 Rs; reduction (risk management), readiness, response and recovery. Another was by Hystad and Keller (2006, from Ritchie 2009) which involved the stages; pre-disaster, disaster, post disaster and resolution. Santana (2003, from Ritchie 2009) nicely brought these similar strategies and others together and put together a two stage model of proactive crisis management consisting of signal detection, preparation and prevention and post crisis management involving damage limitation and recovery. The pre-crisis stages normally involve scanning the environment using a PEST (political, economic, socio-cultural and technological) analysis or consulting the countries foreign office for advice. It can be challenging to specify the danger precisely but even if you know what to look for provisions may not b e implemented. In 2002 post 9/11 there was widespread international recognition that the tourism industry may be a soft target for terrorists which should have prompted tourism industry bureaucrats to consider the possibility of an attack, however believing that Indonesian tourism enhances peace between nations the government were too optimistic that no incident would befall them (Andari, 2008). Even so there was no organisation learning, incapacity to improve or continuity in the institutions responsible for designing and implementing the recovery plans as they believed that it would never happen again, leading to private organisations doing a large bulk of the work, but in 2005 the second bombs struck (Andari 2008). Quite often this first stage does not occurs as we have seen but also was the case in turkey 2001 where the research findings reveal that neither the government nor private organizations had any plans for dealing with the crisis before or after the event (Okumus 2005). A pre-crisis success method is in the form of examining and risk assessments using maps which help identify the most vulnerable parts of a destination for example landslide maps in Brazil and Chile, and flood maps in the UK and Australia. Successful mitigation can also help to reduce the loss of human life and damage through physical measures like dams and cyclone shutters and through diversification if an area relies too heavily on tourism like the Maldives. The importance of plan creation is paramount like emergency plans and warning systems which are now in place throughout South East Asia, building codes in earthquake prone areas; the London 2012 Olympic Games have also had stringent terrorist attack simulations. Responding to the crisis itself requires coordination and control with its handling being essential to mitigate a crisiss impact. The 2001 Foot Mouth Outbreak in the UK and 2005 Hurricane Katrina were poorly managed with the former suffering as tourism was not perceived as a stakeholder leading to the allocation of resources to the agricultural sector. This disaster for the tourism industry was not the disease itself but the actions taken to eradicate the farming crisis and the media images associated with these actions (Miller 2003). The latter became the costliest natural disaster in the history of the USA (Knabb, 2005) due to reasons like a slow response at the federal level given there was some warning and time to prepare and a lack of overall control as discrepancies as to which body were in charge. In this stage of a crisis the media play a huge part to whether the area will recover and prosper in the near future. In regards to the very early stages of a crisis it is often not at all clear what the scale is, what the likely duration will be of solving it will be or exactly who has been affected. There may be many reporters on the ground, tourists who may phone or email contacts often providing video clips of the situation which are inserted into news broadcasts; in this way misinformation may spread. In the longer term, in managing the aftermath of a crisis when the immediate short term problems have been dealt with, the destination will turn to the media with a combination of advertising and public relations to communicate to their client base that the crisis has been resolved. This alongside marketing campaigns will be used to stimulate demand in order to fill some of the lost revenue. Essential is a quick response, consistency in the information given out and openness and honesty. The 1988 Lockerbie disaster and the two examples just discussed were examples of poor media communication however much better handled disasters were the 1989 Kegworth air di saster with the companys reputation actually enhanced ex post even though it was actually their fault and 9/11 with New Yorkers positive spirits documented and the Mayor as the spokesperson for the city. The final stage is that of recovery and resolution which has already been discussed in Faulker and Finks frameworks. The key elements are media and marketing communication getting tourists back to the affected area, physical recovery like infrastructure repair and sharing best practices in the reflection and learning process. As well as negative outcomes, crisis and disasters also have potentially positive results such as stimulus for research and innovation, economic and human development and the emergence of new markets. Some crises are largely restricted to the tourism industry and arose from problematic characteristics in its own operations. The origins of other crises lay completely outside the influence of tourism sector managers, and many of these crises devastated large areas and killed, injured or damaged many sectors of the local population or key infrastructure and industries. Thus we have seen the ever changing nature of the world and its population making tourism organisations and destinations more susceptible to crises and disasters, a more vulnerable industry in general with the potential for major impacts. This creates vast challenges for the industry however by establishing the phases of a crisis, disaster management techniques and strategies can be implemented to mitigate the impact of t hese, more often than not, catastrophic events.

Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) E

Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) Abstract Washing and constant cleaning, an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD often goes undiagnosed. Patients obsessively wash, check something or hoard things to relieve themselves of an overwhelming anxiety, and are fully aware their behavior is abnormal. This research studies a 23-year-old married woman who sought treatment for a severe washing and cleaning problem and how the patient was treated. I will discuss how the patient was diagnosed, and treated with a form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy or CBT (exposure and response treatment) and what medications can be used for treatment. Vickie, a 23 year-old married woman arrived with the company of her husband. Vickie had a problem with severe had washing and cleaning. She would wash her hands up to 30 times a day for at least 5 minutes each time. She always had the feeling that her hands were not really clean, she might touch the side of the sink after she rinsed her hands and then think they were dirty again. She also took two showers a day for up to 50 minutes or until all the hot water was gone. Other things she did to make herself feel clean is use alcohol to wipe things down that she would come into contact with, like her car seat before she set in it. She has been unable to seek employment as a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) due to her symptoms. I conducted four initial sessions, session one and two were to seek information about the history of her symptoms, obsessional content, including external and internal fears cues, beliefs about consequences, and information about passive avoidance patterns and types of rituals (Levenkron, 1991). I also requested Vickie before our next session to record all washing and cleaning that she did, including wiping things with alcohol. She recorded every time she washed, how long she washed, what made her wash, and how anxious she was before she washed. This kind of record will help us identify any sources of contamination she may have gotten and we can also use it to measure her progress during treatment; the third session was devoted to personal and family history; the fourth session was devoted to treatment planning. During the first three therapy sessions Vickie talked about her experiences of recurrent and persistent ideas, thought, impulses, ... ... to obtain anti-obsessional effects. Studies done to date suggest that the following dosages may be necessary: Luvox (up to 300 mg/day), Prozac (40-80 mg/day), Zoloft (up to 200 mg/day), Paxil (40-60 mg/day), Celexa (up to 60 mg/day), and Anafranil (up to 250 mg/day), (Jenike, 1999b). References American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author Engler, J. & Goleman, D. (1992). The authoritative guide for making informed choices about all types of psychotherapy. The Consumer’s Guide to Psychotherapy. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster/Fireside Levenkron, S. (1991). Treating & Understanding Crippling Habits. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders. New York, NY: Warner Books. Jenike, J. (1999a). How to select a Behavior Therapist. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Available: http://www.ocfoundation.org/ocf_0003.htm Jenike, J. (1999b). OCD medication: Adults. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2001, from http://www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1050a.htm Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation: How is OCD treated. Retrieved November 14, 2001, from http://www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1030a.htm

Three Cheers for Madness :: Nabokov Heller Montaigne Essays

Three Cheers for Madness Three of Psychology’s Least Wanted sit next to my desk and beckon me closer: A graying Humbert licks the corner of my eye and throws me a pitifully seductive glance; an anxiety-ridden Yossarian repeats over and over that the whole world is trying to kill him, and an almost robotic Montaigne sits as a kind of mediating force between the others, his head snapping back and forth from Humbert to Yossarian while his hands open and close books so quickly one might imagine his purpose is only to get a whiff of each cover’s staling odor. I need no special degree to deem them all nutcases. What I know of Humbert and Yossarian comes by way of Vladimir Nabokov and Joseph Heller, respectively, as they are the creators, surveyors, and closest contacts of the deceivingly fictional characters. Brilliant in their ability to characterize—to sculpt flat words into the kind of real live, dynamic human beings one might well share a cab with—Nabokov and Heller steal a rousing glimpse into the minds of two intensely confusing personalities and succeed in making us forget that the characters are only the brainchildren of the writers, and not the writers themselves. Oddball Michel de Montaigne seems to look on from afar, speculating in an essay entitled â€Å"On Books† about his impatience for a number of acclaimed writers and their works, while confessing his â€Å"particular curiosity to know the mind and natural opinions of [writers].† Knowing well that Nabokov is not the sex offender he appears to have studied so intimately, and that Heller is not the soldier living amidst the confusion he so thoroughly seems to understand, Montaigne would understand that â€Å"from the display of their writings that they make on the world-stage, we may indeed judge their talents, but not their character or themselves† (167). But this is more than I can handle, as my conceptions of these characters as well as the writers who shaped them seem altogether disturbing. While writing out their prescriptions for shock therapy (the paranoid soldier’s frustratingly ambiguous remarks have earned him a bit more of it than the others), Humbert nudges forward his notebook of scattered words and doodles—a notebook containing his deepest thoughts about Dolores Haze (or ‘Lolita’), the twelve-year old girl with whom he has been completely infatuated his entire middle-aged life. I expect to run my eyes over vile passages—perverse diagrams, even—reflecting his disconcertingly base attraction to the pre-teen.

Business of Tourism

Globalization the process, accelerated by communication technologies, of turning the world into a single community & In particular, a single market. It has been described as ‘boundlessness'. Structural change a temperamental transformation tot some activity or institution which brings about a change in its essential quality. Or structure. It Is permanent, there Is no return to the prior level or state. Temporary change an alteration in a certain measure or condition In an activity of institution to which it is likely to return later.Causes for structural change globalization, competition, economic crisis, health crisis, social changes, customer preferences, war/ terrorism. Tourism market consists of all potential customers sharing a particular need/want, who might be willing/able to satisfy it by buying a tourism product. Sustainable development achieving growth In a manner that does not deplete the natural & built environment & preserves the culture of the local community.Sust ainable tourism all forms of tourism development, management & operations that malting the environmental, & concern Integrity & well being of natural, built ND cultural resources, Socio cultural a term used to Indicate impacts bringing about change to a social organization of a group of people as well as more fundamental reorganization of society organization. Sustainable transport doesn't harm the environment, or use resources that cannot be replaced_IEEE. Cleaner trucks/cars- alternative engines, alternative fuels (unleaded) non combustion systems.Reducing aircraft emissions-technology advances, regulations, air traffic management, dealing with noise-creating footprints e. G. Aircraft Boeing has a footprint of 14 SMS squared, airbus AAA noise footprint 1. Km squared. Travel ; tourism industry the aggregate of all businesses that directly provide goods and services to facilitate business, pleasure ; leisure activities away from home environment (smith 1988) Impacts of tourism = eff ects of tourism * Positive impacts = benefits of tourism * Negative impacts = costs of tourism * Impacts are often referred to as Sculptural Impacts, Environmental Impacts, Cocoon Impacts. Model a theoretical system of relationships, which tries to capture the essential elements In a real word situation. Modes are useful tools for general analysis, discussion and as an aid to understanding more complex systems. System an assemblage or combination of things or parts forming a complex or unitary whole. Descriptive models replicate selected features of a situation ; alma to show how It operates. Predictive models rearrange a descriptive model so that causes ; outcomes can be determined, predictive modes prescribe a pathway towards a certain outcome.Planning models allow for alternative course tot action to be evaluated. Key issues of models aim to simplify reality, select key issues to prevent ; explore, they deed to be applied, tested and reviewed regularly to maintain relevance. Poli cy – outlines a series tot desired outcomes and objectives (values) Planning – Examines alternative method of reaching those objectives Tourism Policy and Planning – For both the sort ; long term Is required to balance all stakeholders wants and needs Unplanned Tourism – Uncommon, unpopular, unwanted.Unhappy most community Has social/environmental/economic impacts Visitor Management – The strategies ; action programs used to control ; influence tourism supply and demands to achieved fines policy goals Planning ; operational techniques – site management ; people management Selective – Targeting visitors who are socially and economically more attractive to a destination or other destination Demarcating – Marketing designed to reduce or regulate the number of people visiting a location Objective – Specific, measurable results that an organization plans to achieve in a given period Strategies – the meaner of achieving objectives Tourism Involves: psychology, sociology, economics, anthropology, business administration, geography, ecology, law and education.Industry – Refers to a group tit similar economic output in terms of product Tourism Industry – Described in both terms of the production and consumption of goods and services Businesses in Tourism Industry Primary Trade – Transport, Hospitality, attractions, activities and retail Business indirectly involved – Petrol stations, bakeries, car dealer, banks, newsagents rent – Heavily involved but not included as part of the industry Tourism: The sum of government and private sector activities which shape ; serve the needs and manage the consequence of holiday and business travel the central activities so the overspent and private sector include promotion planning, providing services and preventing impacts Hospitality – Specifically refers to a focus on provision of accommodation and commercial catering se rvices Tourist – A person who travels from place to place for non work reasons. Promotion – Structure in the generating region: ticketing services, travel agents, tour operators.Need to influence potential tourists Transport – All meaner of traveling within the destination Infrastructure – Development that provides for tourism (ranging from large to small) Markets and destinations Markets are where the tourists are before they reach the destination * Market demand is affected by needs and wants * Markets need to be identified and defined * Information about the market needs to be gained Destination – the place that tourists visit and experience Key Characteristics of service – 1. Intangible (can't be sampled) 2. Inseparable (provider is part) 3. Variable (Individual experience) 4. Perishable (can't be warehoused) 6 Steps for Segmentation of Tourist Demand: 1. Identify 2. Profile 3. Rank 4. Select 5. Assign Priorities 6. Access Target Market Models can be: descriptive, predictive, prescriptive and planning

Caca pupu

They will record all personal information such address, height, weight, physical characteristics and much more. The next step, after processing the delinquent, is to place a bail or bond on the person. In Ms. Watson case, she will probably have to wait to see the Judge the next morning to determine whether or not placing a bail or bond on her is an alternative. This decision often depends on the severity of the crime. After the bail or bond has been placed, it will be followed by the arraignment. An arraignment is the first appearance an offender will have in court.It is here where they go from being a suspect to being a defendant in a criminal case. During the arraignment, the Judge reads the criminal charges bestowed upon the offender, and makes sure the offender understand them. If at that moment the accused does not have a lawyer, present or hired, the Judge will offer to provide one appointed by the court. In our case of study, during this audience Ms. Watson will be told that s he is being charged with possession of a controlled substance with intent of distribute, and the Judge will ask her if she understands the charges.The arraignment is followed by the plea bargaining. As we studied during the course of this class and, in my case in particular, in my mini paper 2, about 95% of cases are disposed by plea bargaining every year. In this case Ms. Watson has the opportunity to plea bargaining to lesser he charges; however, for the purpose of this paper I will state that Ms. Watson does not wish to plea bargaining and request criminal trial. After plea bargaining, comes the preliminary hearing. In this process, the prosecutor tries to convince the Judge that there is enough evidence to demonstrate that a crime was committed.It is at this stage of the case when the prosecutor will prove to the Judge that Ms. Watson committed the crime of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. A criminal trial follows after the preliminary hearing has taken place. If Ms. Watson is not satisfied with any plea deals offered to her, she would go to a criminal trial where a Jury decides her fate. During the course of this trail the prosecution must prove beyond any reasonable doubt to the Jury that Ms. Watson committed the crime.The last step in the process is the sentencing. If an offender plead guilty or was found guilty by a Jury, he or she will be sentenced according to the severity of the crime committed. Here is where Ms. Watson will be sentenced for committing the crime of possession of a controlled substance with intent to distribute. The mandatory minimum sentences pertaining to federal narcotics locations have been object of many criticisms. In 1991 the United States Sentencing Commission released a document with the mandatory minimum requirements.The statutes described in the aforementioned document were widely criticized because they were considered unjustifiable in some cases were the offender had minimum participation a nd were barely over the statutory floor (Lynch, 2001). However, in this particular study case, is demonstrated that Ms. Watson was part of a crime that triggered a five to ten year mandatory minimum because she was in possession of a significant amount of cocaine. The sentence that Ms. Watson will probably receive is institutionalizing. A charge of possession of crack cocaine with intent to distribute is a very serious offence in all the states of the U.S. We have to consider many factors for this charge and sentence, such as the criminal history of the offender, the possibility of someone getting hurt, the psychological background of the accused and others. Because Ms. Watson already had a warrant for her arrest, which makes us think that she had a criminal history, I believe that she should receive a sentence of seven to ten years in prison without the possibility of parole. Crack cocaine is lassie as a Schedule II drug, which means it is highly addictive. Thousands of Americans d ie each year because of this drug, especially young people.How can we expect someone to reenter society or reduce recidivism if we don't help them gain a helpful skill before they are released from prison? Most of the inmate population originates from the lowest social strata of the country, and have only experienced low quality education, poverty, substance abuse, mental health and many other social issues. If we invest time and reform the educational programs offered in the prison system, we could improve rehabilitation outcomes and as a consequence the number of recidivism cases will drop drastically.Making a mistake is human, rehabilitating someone and preventing them from going back to prison is wise. What's the strongest link in the criminal Justice system? I think that plea bargaining is the strongest link of the criminal Justice system. Because new state and federal laws have hardened sentencing for criminals, prosecutors have gained greater power to get guilty pleas from de fendants, and reduce the number of cases that go to trial. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 2003 there were 75,573 cases disposed of in federal district court by trial or plea. Of these, about 95 percent were disposed by plea bargaining.While there are no exact estimates of the proportion of cases that are resolved through plea bargaining, scholars estimate that about 90 to 95 percent of both federal and state court cases are resolved through this process (Divers, 2011, p. 3). It is an effective system when dealing with overcrowded courts, and the lengthy expensive processes. Besides, prosecutorial discretion usually finds a way to avoid dramatic injustices. During the course of this class I learned a lot about the American criminal Justice system. I could understand a little better the complexity of the system as a whole.

Secularization

Historically, â€Å"secularization† first referred to the process of transferring property from religious jurisdiction to that of the state or other no religious authority. In this organizational sense, â€Å"secularization† still means the decline of formal religious authority for example; in education, prisons, and hotel room bedside tables. Institutional secularization has been fueled by the breakdown of a unified Christendom since the Reformation, on the one hand, and by the increasing validation of society and culture from the Enlightenment to modern scientific society, on the other. Some political analysts prefer the term â€Å"laicization† to describe this institutional secularization of society, that is, the replacement of official religious control by no religious authority. [1][2] It is clear that these two forces represent opposite tendencies of thought. To insist upon the principles of traditional Christianity is to rob modern views of its very life; it opposes pessimism to the optimism of modern thought. And yet reconciliation between the two is not absolutely impossible. It can take place, however, only as the result of a modification of the current view of Christianity. A new conception of religion must make itself felt, and this change can be readily effected. It must center on the person of Jesus and must abandon its dogmatic system. In the person and in the preaching of Christ, as an historical phenomenon, we have the basis for an understanding between Christianity and the culture of our day. Jesus himself never accepted the total corruption of man as the basis of his preaching. Rather it was an ideal of moral perfection that he held up to his believers–of life in God and activity according to his will. 2] Secularism has also influenced Western art since the Classical period, while most art of the last 200 years has been produced without suggestion to religion and often with no particular ideology at all. On the other hand, Western art has often been influenced by politics of one kind or another, of the state, of the benefactor and of the artist. While institutional and ideological secularization have been preceded at the same time over the past few centuries, the relationship between the two is not exact or necessary. Even in a medieval, Constantinian setting, formally religious in character, men and women were not untouched from having their life, thought, and work shaped by secular influences. In an institutionally secular (laicized) society it is possible for individuals and groups to live, think, and work in ways that are motivated and guided by God and religion. [1] With a great deal of emphasis on contemporary discussions of Christianity and secularism the confrontational Letters and Papers from Prison penned by writer, Dietrich Bonhoeffer, because the work is incomplete leaves much to the imagination and not enough fact. Bonhoeffer's notions start heavy debates on the meaning and implications starting with titles like: â€Å"Christian worldliness,† â€Å"man-come-of-age,† the world's arrival at â€Å"adulthood,† and the need for a â€Å"non-religious interpretation of Biblical terminology. † Other writers Friedrich Gogarten (The Reality of Faith, 1959), Paul van Buren (The Secular Meaning of the Gospel, 1963), Harvey Cox (The Secular City, 1965), Ronald Gregor Smith (Secular Christianity, 1966), and the â€Å"death-of-God†: all leave little to the imagination just as Bonhoeffer’s does. These are examples of those who have shadowed one possible course. Kenneth Hamilton (Life in One's Stride, 1968) denies that this is the best way to interpret Bonhoeffer and argues that these writers hesitated in his indispensable, orthodox attitude. [2] Of course, the differences between the sacred and the secular is an undeniable gap; In the same way that God speaks and acts Christians must speak and act inventively and full of redemption for there actions. In all cases, Christian life in the secular world is to be carried out under the Lordship of Jesus Christ and in compliance to the will of God rather than the will of the world. Christians may work to ensure that the Word of God is heard and is given room among the many other voices which will constitute the diverse whole. To insist that the Word of God be imposed on all without exception is to fall once again into an unbiblical oppression. To fail to articulate the Word of God in the saeculum, however, is to give in in a secularism which, by excluding the Creator, can lead only to death. Deliverance from sin and forgiveness of sin were indeed emphasized in his preaching; but his dominant thought was that of struggle toward an ideal moral life. This is the idea that must take possession of modern Christianity, if it is to be reconciled with modern views and civilization and to win for itself the educated classes. Not as a dogmatic system, but as a moral power, based on the powerful personality of Jesus, must Christianity be proclaimed to the thinking people of our times?

Segmentation

Segmentation We believe that the marketing segmentation of Lee Kum Kee’s soy sauce is a mixture of demographic, psychographic and benefit segmentation. Since customer’s buying motives comes from their own habit and their own lifestyle before they consume soy sauce as they will use the same brand or the same soy sauce when they find that soy sauce is what they want and they need.Demographic segmentation  consists of dividing the market into groups based on variables such as age, gender family size, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. Lee Kum Kee takes care about the minority with different religion, Lee Kum Kee establishes different labels to show whether that kind of soy sauce is suitable for them or not. For example, Lee Kum Kee recommends the Double Deluxe Soy Sauce to the Kosher as the ingredient of this soy sauce is conformed to the rules of Jewish religion.Psychographic segmentation is a method of dividing markets on the bases of the ps ychology and lifestyle habits of customers. Lee Kum Kee cares those people with different lifestyle, such as, people who concern much about their health and the vegetarian. For example, Lee Kum Kee has produced Salt Reduced Light Soy Sauce for those who concern their health much. Also, Lee kum Kee has recommended some kinds of soy sauce for the vegetarian to use.Benefit segmentation is A  form  of  market segmentation  based on the differences in specific  benefits  that different  groups  of  consumers  look for in a  product. Lee Kum Kee has provided lots of products to satisfy different needs of the people including those who affected by the demographic and psychographic factors. Apart from the above mentioned, Lee Kum Kee endeavors to provide a larger product variety. Recently, Lee Kum Kee introduces a new soy sauce without adding any MSGs. Targeting

Differentiates Between Sex and Gender Term Paper

Differentiates Between Sex and Gender - Term Paper Example The researcher states that gender role stereotypes in modern society are more constraining for females, but in certain ways, they are also constraining for males. For example, women are expected to be nurturers, expressive about their feelings and readily show emotion, whereas men are expected to take charge, be strong and think logically. The researcher would argue that this role differentiates dates all the way back to early hunter/gatherer societies, when men had to go out to find animals to kill for food and clothing, leaving the women behind to look after the children and perform other domestic chores. Finally, while most people belong to either the male or female sex, transsexuals have the organs of both sexes. This, plus the fact that they may identify themselves as more male than female or vice versa, may cause them great anxiety and confusion in a society which expects everyone to adopt wither male or female gender roles. This article states that in the past 30 years gender roles have been less specialized. This has made it incumbent on men to perform at least some of the traditionally female domestic chores. The article also discusses an interesting research finding that same-sex couples tend to have better relationships with their gender-neutral roles than traditional opposite-sex couples with strongly differentiated male and female roles since they incorporate both perspectives and therefore can better understand their partners’ needs. This source describes an anecdote involving President Coolidge and is therefore called The Coolidge Effect. Space does not permit detailing the story, but the idea behind it is that men want more sex partners than women do. The article describes 2 theories behind this assertion. 1) men prefer sex with strange women and 2) this is sexist claptrap. While there is some truth to both allegations, I feel the second more accurately describes the current situation. The evidence for this is the swinging lifestyle. Men wanting sexual variety often will persuade their wives to join, but once in it is usually the women who embrace it more. When it comes to sex women are the physically stronger sex because they don’t have a refractory (or recovery) period before they can have intercourse again.

Muslim jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Muslim jesus - Essay Example In Islam, however, while Jesus is not divine, he certainly existed and was regarded a great teacher of his day. Upon examining various accounts of Jesus and his time spent on earth, it is prudent to conclude that the Muslim account of Jesus is more similar to the true account of the historical Jesus as compared to the Jesus of the Christian faith. This report will, therefore, reflect the reality that the historical Jesus can be seen as more of a zealot or criminal as opposed to a divine being, as recounted in the varied accounts of the Christian gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. While Islamic teaching does regard Jesus as having been a human being who was a messenger of God, the Muslim faith rejects the idea that he was God, nor was he the begotten son of God. In fact, Islamic scripture teaches that anyone who believes that Jesus either God or the Son of God is Shirk. This is to mean that the individual has committed the sin of idolatry, as Islam teaching comes form the express point of view that there is only one true God, and that His prophet is Muhammed. To attach any status approaching divinity to the personhood of Jesus is simply wrong and cannot be accepted under the Islamic faith1. Muslims simply cannot reject the notion of God’s divine oneness, as that is a fundamental tenant of their faith. As such, to make the claim that the Muslim Jesus is divine would be equatable to committing an unpardonable sin. One of the arguments in the Christian faith is that Jesus is divine as represented by the concept of the Trinity. This is to say that God, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Sprit (the Essence of Jesus that has remained after His ascension to Heaven) are all divine and the same person. As such, since Jesus is part of the Trinity, Christians argue that He was and still is divine in his own right. This, again, rejected by Islamic teaching2. The Muslim perception

Trade Domestic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Domestic - Research Paper Example s, examining them within their current context, and extrapolating them with respect to additional literature and the means through which these themes have an impact upon economics and trade, a cursory overview and analysis of these articles will be provided. This summary review will serve as a means of providing the reader with an effective baseline of knowledge that they can then leverage to understand and engage the themes which will be discussed at further length within the preceding pages. The first article, entitled â€Å"Access to Protection: Domestic Institutions and Trade Policy in Democracies†, provides a baseline of understanding with respect to promoting the realization that protection of certain aspects of the economy is a role in which individuals, states, and institutions are intrinsically interested in accomplishing. The underlying rationale that can of course be given for this is with respect to the fact that freely competing within the open market, with any particular economic good, represents a situation in which the undercutting power of competition could easily see profit margins decreased or if that operate entirely. As such, the authors place a great deal of emphasis with regards to understanding the role in which parties in governance, districts within an electorate, the nature of the vote, and other such institutions impact upon protection. Further, the ultimate hypothesis, which is eventually proven, has to do with the fact that once these factors are ultimately controlled for, they are no longer exhibited as having a profound impact with respect to trade policy. Beyond merely coming to a further realization with respect to the impact of protection of economic goods or services, and an analysis of the intervening macro economic theory that helps to define these, the article is also able to give a fairly accurate baseline with relation to the precursors of protection and â€Å"protectionism†. Understanding these precursors is of course a