Literature Vocabulary Flashcard

Literature Vocabulary

Germans to America - Passengers Arriving at US Ports

Germans to America - Passengers Arriving at US Ports Are you researching German immigrants to America during the 19th century? Germans to America, compiled and edited by Ira A. Glazier and P. William Filby, is a series of books which indexes passenger arrival records of ships carrying Germans to the U.S. ports of  Baltimore, Boston, New Orleans, New York, and Philadelphia. It presently covers the  records of over 4 million passengers during  the period January 1850 through Jun 1897. Due to its inclusion criteria, this series is considered to be an incomplete- though fairly thorough- index to German passengers arriving in America during this period. The quality of the transcription varies, but the series is still an excellent research tool for tracking down German immigrant ancestors. If a listing is found in Germans to America, then the original passenger lists should be consulted, as they may contain further details.   Where to Find Germans to America The individual books in the Germans to America series  are fairly pricey, so the best research option is to either find a library with the series (most major genealogical libraries will have it), or locate a database version. The database version created by the Center for Immigration Studies at the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies (the same group that created the published versions) was originally published on CD and is now available for free online from the National Archives and FamilySearch. It is unclear exactly how the data compiled in the Germans to America, 1850–1897 database relates directly to the published volumes.  NARA staff has found that there are ship manifests included in the database that are not included in the respective published volumes, and that there is also a difference in the covered time periods.   The Germans to America Series The first 9 volumes of the Germans to America series indexed only passenger lists of ships that contained at least 80% German passengers. Thus, a number of Germans who came over on ships from 1850–1855 are not included. Beginning with Volume 10, all ships with German passengers were included, regardless of the percentage. However, only those identifying themselves as German are listed; all other passenger names were not transcribed. Volumes 1–59 of Germans to America (through 1890) include arrivals to the major U.S. ports of New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston and New Orleans. Beginning in 1891, Germans to America only includes arrivals to the port of New York. Some Baltimore arrivals are known to be missing from Germans to America- see  Why Some Baltimore Passenger Lists are Missing and How to Find Them  by Joe Beine for more information. Vol. 1 Jan 1850 - May 1851 Vol. 35 Jan 1880 - Jun 1880 Vol. 2 May 1851 - Jun 1852 Vol. 36 Jul 1880 - Nov 1880 Vol. 3 Jun 1852 - Sep 1852 Vol. 37 Dec 1880 - Apr 1881 Vol. 4 Sep 1852 - May 1853 Vol. 38 Apr 1881 - May 1881 Vol. 5 May 1853 - Oct 1853 Vol. 39 Jun 1881 - Aug 1881 Vol. 6 Oct 1853 - May 1854 Vol. 40 Aug 1881 - Oct 1881 Vol. 7 May 1854 - Aug 1854 Vol. 41 Nov 1881 - Mar 1882 Vol. 8 Aug 1854 - Dec 1854 Vol. 42 Mar 1882 - May 1882 Vol. 9 Dec 1854 - Dec 1855 Vol. 43 May 1882 - Aug 1882 Vol. 10 Jan 1856 - Apr 1857 Vol. 44 Aug 1882 - Nov 1882 Vol. 11 Apr 1857 - Nov 1857 Vol. 45 Nov 1882 - Apr 1883 Vol. 12 Nov 1857 - Jul 1859 Vol. 46 Apr 1883 - Jun 1883 Vol. 13 Aug 1859 - Dec 1860 Vol. 47 Jul 1883 - Oct 1883 Vol. 14 Jan 1861 - May 1863 Vol. 48 Nov 1883 - Apr 1884 Vol. 15 Jun 1863 - Oct 1864 Vol. 49 Apr 1884 - Jun 1884 Vol. 16 Nov 1864 - Nov 1865 Vol. 50 Jul 1884 - Nov 1884 Vol. 17 Nov 1865 - Jun 1866 Vol. 51 Dec 1884 - Jun 1885 Vol. 18 Jun 1866 - Dec 1866 Vol. 52 Jul 1885 - Apr 1886 Vol. 19 Jan 1867 - Aug 1867 Vol. 53 May 1886 - Jan 1887 Vol. 20 Aug 1867 - May 1868 Vol. 54 Jan 1887 - Jun 1887 Vol. 21 May 1868 - Sep 1868 Vol. 55 Jul 1887 - Apr 1888 Vol. 22 Oct 1868 - May 1869 Vol. 56 May 1888 - Nov 1888 Vol. 23 Jun 1869 - Dec 1869 Vol. 57 Dec 1888 - Jun 1889 Vol. 24 Jan 1870 - Dec 1870 Vol. 58 Jul 1889 - Apr 1890 Vol. 25 Jan 1871 - Sep 1871 Vol. 59 May 1890 - Nov 1890 Vol. 26 Oct 1871 - Apr 1872 Vol. 60 Dec 1890 - May 1891 Vol. 27 May 1872 - Jul 1872 Vol. 61 Jun 1891 - Oct 1891 Vol. 28 Aug 1872 - Dec 1872 Vol. 62 Nov 1891 - May 1892 Vol. 29 Jan 1873 - May 1873 Vol. 63 Jun 1892 - Dec 1892 Vol. 30 Jun 1873 - Nov 1873 Vol. 64 Jan 1893 - Jul 1893 Vol. 31 Dec 1873 - Dec 1874 Vol. 65 Aug 1893 - Jun 1894 Vol. 32 Jan 1875 - Sep 1876 Vol. 66 Jul 1894 - Oct 1895 Vol. 33 Oct 1876 - Sep 1878 Vol. 67 Nov 1895 - Jun 1897 Vol. 34 Oct 1878 - Dec 1879

Business change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business change Management - Essay Example Organizational change is a term generally used for an extensive change within the organization where companies try to change, implement or also reengineer their processes. In most cases, organizational change tends to be radical and can lead to reorientation of the business. Any change within an organization is generally based on external factors that impact them and form the driving force. Since organizational changes are very deep-seated stakeholders of the company also tend to be impacted. This paper aims at discussing the changes management strategies that can be adopted by Huanghe Technology to overcome the issues that are being faced within the organization. The paper will provide an overview of the current issues, followed by a detailed discussion of the proposed solution and the possible challenges. Current Issues: The rapid expansion of the business has led the company to develop and work as three different and independent units. Although Huanghe Technology has very effectiv ely implemented latest technologies and has also seen intense growth, the lack of clear support for the customers. Since each of the three business units have grown independently and behave as separate entities with different cultures, there has been a lot of information loss. Huanghe Technology is currently being faced with issues like lack of proper customer support, lacking technical support and also numerous call drops between the customer care and sales teams. Hence it is crucial that the company implements a change plan to help develop an organized and effective approach to resolve this issue. The main focus of the change plan is on the customers and their needs. Huanghe Technology currently has its customer service office in UK and the company currently plans to reorganize this by keeping all of the Customer Service Department activities for the Huanghe UK office under the supervision of a new head. This can cause two main issues, i) resistance from the employees, ii) another independent unit to deal with customer service. Hence these are the main issues that the company currently needs to focus on while developing the change management program. Also, in the case of the SOHO customers, the company has set down two different channels to meet the needs of these customers. The first is where the company caters to the need directly and second where the products is sold by retailers like Tesco. In the retail channel, the technical aspects are dealt with by the company directly. However there is a major gap that has been found here and it is clear that the SOHO customers are not getting adequate technical support from the company. Proposal for New Customer Service Department Customer Relationship Management (CRM) plays an essential role in every business and holds an enormous importance in today’s competitive world. CRM is a business strategy that has been built around the notion of being customer-centric (Evans, O’Maley, & Patterson, 2004). The main aims are to have optimum revenue by better customer satisfaction through improved

Confederate Government Conspiracy to Assassinate President Abraham Research Proposal

Confederate Government Conspiracy to Assassinate President Abraham Lincoln - Research Proposal Example To that end, the Confederate government conceived a plan to kidnap Abraham Lincoln in order to force the Union to free Confederate prisoners of war. While the kidnapping never came to fruition, questions remain as to whether the Confederate government was involved in Lincoln’s assassination.1 It is fairly evident that Davis and key members of his government had conceived of, and funded, some initiative aimed at striking the Union beyond the battlefield. The Confederacy established an espionage department in 1864, which conducted covert operations from its base in Canada, helping plan and carry out the raid on St. Albans, Vermont.2 Many claims have been made about the independent nature of the conspiracy that orchestrated the Lincoln assassination. Skeptics insist that such a conspiracy likely began as a kidnapping plot involving the Confederate secret service and prominent members of the Confederate government. My hypothesis is that an intricately planned conspiracy involving Confederate agents in the U.S. and Canada, which ended in the assassination of the president, was carried out with the knowledge and involvement of Confederate officials. It is possible that the assassination itself was simply an unplanned outcome of a kidnapping plot that had gone undetected by federal officials. Either Booth, secret service officers or the Confederate high command (or all three) at some point decided that the only remaining viable, practicable option was assassination. As Lincoln himself told journalist Noah Brooks in 1863, â€Å"I long ago made up my mind that if anybody wants to kill me, he will do it. If I wore a shirt of mail and kept myself surrounded by a bodyguard, it would be all the same. There are a thousand ways of getting at a man if it is desirable that he should be killed.†3 My research will address the origins of the kidnapping plan; the extent to which the Confederate government was responsible; and the exact nature of the decision to alter the plan from a kidnapping to assassination. III. Definition of Terms â€Å"Chaos Theory: The Tortuous Pursuit of Motive and Means in the Lincoln Assassination.† Key terms/headings in this proposal include: No direct evidence - Lack of clear evidence linking Richmond to the conspiracy The Booth factor – The likely influence of Booth in altering the original plan Of like mind – Federal authorities convinced Davis, other high officials guilty Scapegoats†¦and more questions – Hysteria obscures true motive, investigations Fact over fiction – Preponderance of practical evidence points to Richmond IV. Background The conspiracy’s original goal had been to kidnap Lincoln and carry him to a secure location. The conspirators pursued that goal with a specific outcome in mind: attack the Federal government at its source, free the prisoners of war and enable the Confederacy to fight on.4 In his summary argument in the conspiracy trial, government Ju dge Advocate John Bingham claimed that a paper found in Booth’s possession contained a secret cipher, used by Davis himself, to communicate with his agents5 Bingham asked, â€Å"Of what use was it to (Booth) if he was not in confederation with Davis?†6 Bingham went on to conclude that â€Å"my own conviction is that Jefferson Davis is as clearly proven guilty of this conspiracy as John Wilkes Booth, by whose hand

Phineas Gage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Phineas Gage - Research Paper Example , A Modern Phineas Gage, 2005). When prying the truth from fiction in the case of Phineas Gage, one must always go back to the facts of the individual’s life and try to extract general principles from one case. Although case studies are traditionally an unreliable sort of tool for making psychological conclusions, the Gage case provides an excellent example of the manipulation of one variable that could not be otherwise manipulated except by a terrible accident. Thus, understanding Gage’s biography is crucially important for drawing out principles. Psychologists are often quick to cite the Gage case but without a deep understanding. The hope in this essay is to discover what the variable manipulation in the case of Phineas Gage actually proves with respect to the history and field of neurophysiology and biopsychology. Phineas Gage’s relatively uneventful life as a young man in the northeast was punctuated at the age of 25, on September 13, 1848. At that time, Gag e was working as a supervisor for American railroad Rutland & Burlington, laying down tracks for the ever-expending network of trains moving across the United States. Just outside of Cavendish, Vermont, Gage was in charge of adding an explosive (composed of gunpowder, a fuse, and sand) to holes drilled into the rock. He would compact these materials using a large iron rod. However, possibly making an error late in the day on the 13th, Gage’s powder exploded and projected the iron rod through his head. The hole formed in his head was approximately 1.25 inches in diameter and 3.5 feet in length. Entering through one side of his face, it destroyed the backside of his left eye and left a hole in the top of his head (Harlow, 1848). Immediately following the incident, Gage reportedly talked and could stand upright, even though the bar had entered and exited his head, landing nearly 80 feet away. Gage’s health never worsened, even though he was left somewhat comatose in the w eeks following the accident. Eventually, however, Gage regained the ability to walk on his own, speak clearly, and complete everyday activities (Fleischman, 2002). By April 1849, nearly 7 months after his accident, Gage returned to Cavendish, Vermont. The doctors who had originally treated him noted the physical results of the trauma, including loss of vision in the eye that was damaged, scarring on the forehead, and partial paralysis of the left side of the face. Aside from these residual effects, Gage seemed normal in terms of his physical health and that he had recovered from his injuries, with no acute pain in his head. Nevertheless, the patient was psychologically affected. He exhibited childish behavior; his personality changed significantly according to his wife and his doctor began making a checklist of mental changes in the patient (Cuizon, 2009). For instance, before the accident, Gage was productive, responsible and â€Å"a great favorite† with the men, and his emp loyers believed him to be the most efficient and supervisor. After the accident, he was so ineffectual as a foreman that the company refused to give him his old job back. They remarked at he was â€Å"no longer Gage† (Cuizon, 2009). Gage would eventually die twelve years after his accident in May of 1860 in California. He suffered from convulsions of an unknown cause. After his death, Gage’s head was taken for scientific study and is still used for psychological

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay

The Whale Rider Movie Theology Religion Essay His leadership style is Authoritarian autocratic. This style is used when leaders advise their employees what they want completed and how they want it capable, without getting the advice of their followers (Lewin, 1939). Koro is driven by his vision of a patri-lineal leadership restoring the integrity of his people. He is determined that the male line be unbroken. Koro is a very stubborn, harsh, severe chief who dominates in everything that the people do. When he believes in something, he under no circumstances changes his decisions. He is definite and powerful in all that he says and does and he hardly ever appreciates others work and effort. Koro is defensive with his beliefs and opinions and is blind towards any proof that opposes his faith. His leadership style is not people-oriented at all as he is selfish, isnt sympathetic or sensitive and never considers other peoples feelings. However he is absolutely honest to his tikanga to his understanding of Maori culture and customs an d to the teachings of his ancestors. But with that honesty comes stubbornness and a pride and thats what trips him up. Pai Koros grand-daughter Paikea is a servant leader. According to Michael McKinney (2000) is an individual who maintain what is best for all individuals even if it may not be in their individual concern to do so. A custodial position must be approached as a short-term role, preserving something greater than the self-values of long-term and long-lasting value. This is a thought of mind that focus on the job at hand and not on what the leader may achieve from the situation. It implies a caring and concerned connection between leaders and followers; individuals enthused by their essential best interests.   Pai was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader. Pai was a great leader and showed many leadership qualities such as loyalty, strength and confidence. Her grandfather koro was always trying to block out all the leadership skills she portrayed as he wanted the new chief to be a male as it was part of their tradition. Pai faces many challenges caused by herself, Koro and her culture which she handles them with maturity and determination. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. Pai falls in extraversion personality of leadership as she displays throughout the movies the traits of warmth, seeking novelty and excitement, assertive, cheerful, and talkative and action oriented. Critique of effectiveness as a leader: Koro was a very effective leader as he took charge over his people and the old traditions were very important to him and he wanted everyone else to feel the same way. Koro could see the people get more distant and realised his leadership is not working so he started to search for a leader. Koro spent his life looking for a new leader he could not see that Pai was right in front of him. Koro refuses to acknowledge Pai as leader despite her constantly showing herself to be more competent than any of the boys. In the film when Koro screams, You dont mess around with sacred things, you can feel the strength of his belief but Pai is equally determined, and so the battle is joined. However in the end he accepts Pai as a leader. Paikea was a strong willed girl who was born to be a leader even though koro didnt see that straight away. Persistence is a key factor of a leader.Throughout the movie, Pai has to not only fulfill the tribes expectations; she has to go beyond them. Not only does she carry out her role brilliantly, she realizes that there is a need for the whale rider and steps up to fulfill her role. For example, at her first school concert, when all her peers were misbehaving, Pai continues to sing, keeping her focus, determined to prove that she is serious about the tribes culture and her ambitions to become the whale rider. This event proved to the community that Pai cared more for the tribe than most of the other boys. Pai tried many ways to change this fact and expectation and prejudice. For example, she overcomes this challenge by learning the ways of the tribe, including chants, the art of the taiaha and actively participating in community life. Pai worked very hard to impress Koro and hence she is a very effective leader. The type of power held: Koro hold legitimate power. It refers to different types of professional positions. Koro has high expectations for the local community and is deeply disappointed when he realises that there will be no son and heir to continue as Chief. Even though he loves Pai, he will not allow himself to see her potential as a leader because she is a girl. The struggle to find an appropriate leader and how leadership is needed to sustain a successful community was present in Koros leadership style. Pai holds referent power that is gained by organization. Pai is very strong willed, powerful and brave. Her qualities and skills are noticed by all of the people around her, as her bravery carried her through such difficult times where she felt neglected and Koro said that everything went wrong after she was born. When Pai knew she had the qualities to be the next chief and Koro didnt register, she persisted through his rudeness and eventually became the next chief in training. This is the type of power she had. How they used this power: Koro, the leader of a community that was once dominated by ancient rules and laws passed down many generations, struggles to find a suitable leader who can improve the way of life and bring back the traditions and laws that were once obeyed by the people. Koro is blind to this though because he believes that the next leader has to be a boy hence Koro did not use his power to his maximum. Throughout the movie, Paikea shows resilience, persistence and dignity all good qualities of a leader. She never gives up and is never disheartened by the fact that she is a girl and is over looked by her grandfather. We see her testing the old ways, and undertaking the difficult demands of traditional soldier practice. It is she who goes into the sea to bring back Koros prize possession. She used her power to the betterment of the community. Throughout the movie, Paikea battles her way so that Koro sees that she is good enough to become the leader hence she used her power well. Discussion / evaluation to leadership theory Using the trait theory, with Pai, she is adaptable to situations, is assertive, co-operative, energetic, persistent, self- confident and is willing to assume responsibility and is diplomatic and tactful. Several elements of Pais leadership is displayed, example her comments about smoking and health, fixing the rope, learning about her culture, participating in the life of the community. As Paikea exerts herself to Koro, she shows skills of a leader. For example, she shows confidence in standing up for what she thinks is right. When Koro yelled or got angry at Paikea she did not hold a grudge or shut everyone out, she kept fighting! In one scene in the film, Pai invites Koro to a concert where she is to perform a speech in her native language (Te Reo). She tells him that he is her guest of honour. The scene opens with teacups laid out and people bringing food. Pai requests that a chair is left for her grandfather, but he doesnt turn up. She makes her speech despite her huge disappointment that Koro is not there to see her. She is announced the winner of the speech competition. Using Great Man theory with Koro, he has a lot of rules he has to live by. He is the boss. The question is why does Pai support Koro even though he is so harsh to her? She understands some of his concerns about being a leader. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects On the East coast of New Zealand, the Whangara citizens consider their existence there dates reverse a thousand years or more to a single ancestor, Paikea, who fugitive death when his canoe turn over by riding to coast on the backside of a whale. From then on, Whangara chiefs always the first-born is male who have been considered Paikeas descendants. Pai a 12-year-old girl in a patriarchal New Zealand tribe, believe she is meant to be the new chief. However her grandfather Koro is restricted by custom to pick a male leader. Pai loves Koro more than any person in the world, but she must fight him and a thousand years of custom to fulfil her destiny. Koro is the chief of the village and has the most seniority as he is the head of the traditional tribe. The people in the village took pride in their tradition and culture which enabled him to be listened and obeyed. Individual culture and its effect(s) In the film Maori tradition and culture has been displayed and this formed the beliefs between the two characters, Koro and Pai. Both of them cared for their village and dedicated themselves into the Maori culture and tradition for have a successful outcome. The film shows that culture is important and that working together makes everything better. Other leadership concepts and ideologies identified The film shows that no matter who the person may be, with the qualities of a leader, one can bring unity to the tribe. The film also shows how resilience is a significant aspect of being a leader. Pai had spirit, every time Koro shot her down she would get back up and keep trying. It also has an implication of womens rights and equality between men and women. In the film Pai had all the qualities of a leader, still she was dominated because according to the culture women cannot be leaders. The film especially highlights the fact that leaders have to respect the other members of the community as well as having the right characteristics of leadership. I also learnt good and bad trait in a leader from the roles of Pai and Koro. The community scenes on the Marae, working together to help the whales, paddling in unison in the waka at the end shows the togetherness of the community. IN GOOD COMPANY In Good Company is a comedy. Drama, romance movie that was released in 2004.This movie commences with Waterman Publishing and its flagship magazine Sports America being acquired by Globecom International in a corporate takeover. The two main leaders which have been chosen for this assignment are Dan Foreman (Dennis Quaid) and Carter Duryea (Topher Grace). Dan Foreman is a 51 year old head of advertising sales for a major sports magazine that has 20 years of experience as well. He is happily married with two daughters and who is also expecting a new child. Dan faces a life changing event when he was demoted to second in order of advertising and was replaced by Carter Duryea. Carter is 26 year old, newlywed of 7months and was dumped by his wife just as he gets the promotion. He talks a good game about sales but he doesnt have any experience from the field. Robbins and Judge (2007) defined leadership as ability to control a group toward the success of a vision or set of goals. Leadership styles The leadership style showed by Dan Foreman was charismatic leadership. The Charismatic Leader gathers group through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of exterior power. It is attractive to watch a Charismatic Leader working the region as they move from person to person. They pay much consideration to the individual they are chatting to at any one instant, making that person think like they are, for that time, the most significant person in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay a great deal of concern in scanning and reading their surroundings, and are good at picking up the mood and concerns of both individuals and big audience. They then will sharpen up their actions and words to suit the situation. In the film, when the employees were fired from their job, Dan took responsibility to inform them because he was concerned about their feelings, and that he would be able to comfort them rather than Carter as he has been working with them for many years. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both commitment to ideological goal and also commitment to themselves. The extent to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the underlying motivation and needs of the leader vary anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be rather more concerned with themselves than anybody else. The leadership style showed by Carter Duryea was Transactional leadership. The transactional leader works through creating clear arrangement whereby it is clear what is necessary of their subordinates, and the rewards that they get for following instructions. When the Transactional Leader assigns work to a subordinate, they are measured to be fully liable for it, whether or not they have the ability to carry it out. Transactional leadership is based in possibility in that prize or penalty is conditional upon presentation. Carter is been appointed as the head of marketing for the Sports America magazine to increase the sales for the company. According to Ohio state studies (1940) transactional leader is considered as task oriented. Effectiveness of a leader Dan is a effective leader. Dan motivates his employee and is very loyal to them. He is outspoken person and takes stand for his employees. Every employee respects him and trusts him. Carter wasnt effective leader. He doesnt have experience in the job which was given to him but he was very good in his job. He was outspoken and very convincing since the first day at work. Type of power(s) Dan has charisma power- person who has charisma will have optimistic influence on workers and create the chance for interpersonal pressure. Dan is very effective and when he speaks, people listen to him. In the film when he question to Teddy K everyone listen to him carefully. He also has Referent power: comes from being trusted and respected. The new boss (Carter) respects and trusts him. Carter Duryea holds legitimate power. The power describe leader has position of power on his team. In the film Carter is head of marketing company, he is very good in decision making and convinces people. He is very active and intelligent in his work. Carter uses his power in very effective way. He uses his power to motive others and clearly identify common goal of company. But some time he abuses his position power by firing employee. Scene from movie A scene from the movie that shows the leadership analyses for two leaders is the when Dan asked question to Teddy K when he was talking about to put one section about computers in sports America magazine. Then Dan stopped him and asked I dont understood what you are trying to say. It shows how effective he is while asking question to Teddy k and everyone is listening to him. Even Mr Teddy K impressed by him and said Dan Foreman Sports America, you ask some excellent questions. Another situation in the movie shows Carter leadership when Carter is discussing about sacking with Dan. He explained to Dan he have to cut off same salary by sacking people from sales department. Carter is transactional leader and always follows his company procedure and standard. Dan wants to save his old employee and said to Carter my salary is bigger than them why dont you sack me instead of them. But Carter convinces him because he has to follow his bosss orders. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effects Sports America magazine owned by Globecom, it is a national sports magazine and Dan spent 20 year of his life as head of advertising sales department. After that multimedia company buy it and assign Carter as new boss. Carter is on the most senior position in multimedia company. He is responsible for company sales and managing staff. He is assigned leader and power to reward and punish anyone in the organisation. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and tradition plays very important role both Dan carter lives. Dan is 51 year old man has loving family. He has two daughters Alex (18 year old) and Jana (16 year old). He has been very happy from his family and doing very well in his professional life. Carter is 26 year old young man and very successful in his professional life. His wife left him in the beginning of the film. He is executive officer in the organisation. He fell in love with Alex (Dans daughter) which creates uncomfortable situation between them. Leadership theories Contingency theory is illustrate to large extend in this film. According to this leadership theory leader effectiveness in group is depends on two factors: leader task or relation motivation and changes in situations. The scale least preferred co-worker is use to identify leader is task oriented or relation oriented. Leader who gets high marks on scale is people oriented and who got less mark on scale is task oriented. In the film Dan got high mark in least preferred co-worker because he is always concern about his employee. Even he is ready to leave his job to save employee work. On the other hand carter got less mark on scale because he is only concern about his task. He follows the orders given to him by the boss and never thinks about employee. He fired some employees from organisation as well. The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring is an epic fantasy adventure film directed by Peter Jackson. This story is set in the world of Tolkiens establishment, known as Middle Earth. It is based on the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955) created by JRR Tolkien. It was followed by The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). It is filmed in various locations in New Zealand in 2001. In the story of a hobbit called Bilbo Baggins  has stolen the ring from a hideous creature called  Gollum. Somehow, this ring ends up with  Frodo Baggins, Bilbos nephew and all of a sudden, Frodo is at the centre of this epic play involving the ring that he knows very little about. The Fellowship of the ring is established; including nine individuals in which are Gandalf, Legolas the elf, Gimli the Dwarf, Aragorn, Boromir and his three Hobbit friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise. They went through mountains, snow, darkness, forests, rivers and plains, facing evil and danger of every corner to destroy Fellowship of the Ring. Introduction The two leaders which have been chosen for my assignment are Gandalf much like Aragorn as Strider. Gandalf is a Wizard of surpassing power and intelligence. He has awe-inspiring and the touchingly human qualities. Aragon hides an extraordinary amount of power, greatness, and knowledge under a humble exterior. Leadership Styles Gandalf is the transformational leader-leader who puts enthusiasm and power into all. They care about you and want you to success. Transformational Leaders are always observable and will rise up to be counted rather than conceal behind their troops. They show by their attitudes and performance how everybody should behave. They also make continuous hard work to inspire and rally their followers, always doing the rounds, listening, comforting and enthusing. It is their reliable pledge as much as something else that keeps people going mainly through the darker period when some may query whether the dream can ever be achieved. Overall, they balance their mind between act that creates development and the psychological state of their supporters. Perhaps they are people-oriented and consider that victory comes first and last through deep and continuous commitment. According to Stephen Warrilow (2013) transformational leadership is all about values and meaning, and a purpose that transcends short-term goals and focuses on higher order needs. Gandalf was the leader of The Fellowship of the Ring: getting the ring into Mordor to destroy was his goal but he was proved that that he capable of doing more and more. He was an adviser to Frodo and Aragorn and uninspired them both to grow to be better people and attain knowledge plus self actualisation (the higher order of needs). He clearly knew his vision and uninspired his followers to accomplish it. Bernard M Bass (1985) says transformational leader is a type of  leadership style  that measures the influence of followers first. The followers of such a leader feel trust, admiration, loyalty and respect for the leader. In movie Gandalf motivates Frodo to be brave and tells him if he doesnt takes the ring to destroy, and then no one will destroy it and it wont ever be destroyed. He inspired Frodo and he didnt hesitate to continue but pleased Gandalf. Aragorn is a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders are often thought of as heros that are able to use their personal fascination to lead others. But that charismatic allure can be both an approval and a nuisance on society. Thats because charisma can be used for the good of a company for honourable reasons. Conger Kanungo (1998) describe five behavioural attributes of Charismatic Leaders that indicate a more transformational perspective image and expression, warmth to the environment, consideration to member needs, individual risk taking, performing unconventional behaviour. Aragorn was a brave man: he saved the hobbits lives in Bree by fighting with the Uruk-hai and showed good leadership by saving the lives of the team members and also by making wise decisions. The Charismatic Leader gathers supporters through dint of behaviour and charisma, rather than any form of external power. It is interesting to watch a Charismatic Leader running the area as they move from individual to individual. They pay much consideration to the individuals they are talking to at any one instant, making that individual feel like they are, for that point in time, the most significant individual in the world. Charismatic Leaders pay attention in scanning and analysing their surroundings, and are good at picking up the moods and concerns of both individuals and big audiences. They then will sharpen their actions and expression to suit the circumstances. Charismatic Leaders use a wide variety of methods to supervise their picture and if they are not naturally charismatic, may practice attentively at developing their skills. They may prompt trust through observable selflessness and taking own risks in the name of their values. They show great self-confidence in their followers. They are very convincing and make very useful use of body words as well as oral language. The Charismatic Leader will typically connect themselves strongly to the personality of the group, such that to join the group is to become one with the leader. The Fellowship of the Ring Aragorn was sometimes unsure of his ability to lead others but when it came to his team members he did his level best to motivate them. When qu estioned about why he does not immediately offer proof of his identity to the hobbits in Bree, one of his answers is simply that he wishes the hobbits would count him as a friend without knowledge of his lineage indeed; he is tired of being constantly asked. Musser (1987) notes that charismatic leaders seek to inspire both dedication to ideological goals and also commitment to themselves. The level to which either of these two goals is leading depends on the fundamental motivations and requirements of the leader amend anything. Despite their charm and perceptible concern, the Charismatic Leader may well be somewhat more anxious with themselves than anybody else. A typical experience with them is that whilst you are talking with them, it is like being immersed in a warm and pleasant shine, in which they are very persuasive. . In the film when Frodo decides to break the fellowship Aragorn obeys his decision by telling the hobbits that if I had the chance to go I would have gone with you to the end, into the very fires of Mordor and then motivates others. Effectiveness of a leader: Gandalf is intelligent and relatively capable while people listen to him. Gandalf had high values; he appreciated everyone and wasnt using his powers to arrange others but only to direct others. Aragon was thoughtful, trustworthy and open leader. The both leaders had clear idea and common aim to destroy ring and were very effective leaders. Type of power Gandalf have legitimate power. Legitimate power is the power that a leader gets by evasion due to his position in an organisation; a leader basically is distinguished from a follower due to the greater rights and responsibility he has than others i.e. additional rights that legitimate power bestows and distinguishes him from followers. He has some supernatural powers and a lot of knowledge about middle-earth. He also has referent power .This is at times thought of as charisma, charm, admiration, or appeal. Referent power comes from one person love and respecting another, and powerfully identifying with that person in some way. Celebrities have referent power, which is why they can manipulate everything from what individuals buy to whom they choose to office. In a workplace, a person with charm often makes everyone feel good, so he or she tends to have a lot of influence. Gandalf is 2nd wizard and he used his power to save fellowship of ring and fight with fire dragon which lead him t o death. Gandalf used his power very fairly and he sacrificed his life to save his group. Aragorn has charisma power: Charisma has been seen as politically dubious characteristics of individuals in the society and it has been searched the psychological mechanisms which lead to the emergence of charismatic leaders and their attraction to the people that follow them which describes a special person qualities making him capable inspire large number of people. Aragorn is a very effective leader and when he speaks, everyone listens and follows him. In the film when Gandalf is dead, Aragon starts leading the group; everyone follows him without any questions. Aragorn also used his power to motivate others and lead them in correct path. He has the qualities of encouraging people and making them believe him. Type of organisation, level of seniority and its effect(s) The fellowship of the ring was destroyed in Rivendell fictional second age of middle-earth. The Fellowship involved nine members who joined the journey to Mordor to destroy ring in Mount Doom fires. The mission included four hobbits Frodo Baggins and his three friends Merry, Pippin and Samwise, with travelling companions Gandalf a wizard, Aragorn a human ranger, two man from Gondor, Gimli a dwarf warrior and Legolas an Elven prince. Gandalf was leader of the group and also Aragorn was assigned as the leader when Gandalf was killed. Gandalf was chosen as leader of the fellowship of the ring. The group approved him as a leader because he was the eldest and valued person He was a very effectual leader; every one respects him and obeys and follows his decisions. Aragorn was the only king in companionship but he never used his power as a king, but he inspired and motivated people by using his leadership qualities. According to Great man theory one having inherit capacity of leadership great leaders are born with traits that make them natural leaders. Aragorn took responsibilities of the situations and came up with solutions to solve them. Individual culture and its effect(s) Culture and ritual played very important part of both leaders life. Gandalf was 2nd wizard who fought with Saruman 1st wizard who abused his powers to destroy the mankind. Aragorn was king of the Gondor. No one knew that he was living in Rivendell as ranger after his father loss. Both Gandalf and Aragorn have done the best to keep mankind safe in middle-earth by leading Frodo in destroying the ring. Leadership theories The film illustrates Ohio State studies (1940s) which states two dimensions of leader behaviour. First is Consideration where a leader exhibits concern for the welfare of the members of the group such as it is people oriented. Second is Initiating structure is where a leader defines how the tasks are to be accomplished by the group such as it is task oriented. In the film Gandalf is concerned of their followers emotion and opinions, but he was also in charge for mission which should be finished.

Domestic Violence: Why Do Women Stay? Essay -- Violence Against Women E

What is battering? Why do men batter? Why do women stay? These are all questions that I will answer. I will also offer insight into the minds of victims that may help give a better understanding to the devastating cycle that hides behind the doors of many homes today that is known as Domestic Violence. What is battering? Battering is a pattern of behavior that is used to establish power and control over another person. This control can be obtained through many different avenues. Minimizing, making light of the victims concerns, shifting responsibility and laying blame. Isolation, controlling what the victim does, reads and limiting outside involvement all together, even from family. Intimidation, causing the victim to feel afraid by using looks, gestures, or actions, such as demonstrating violence in her presence. Emotional Abuse, putting the victim down, calling her names, convincing and making her believe she’s crazy, humiliating, depriving her of sleep and playing mind games. Why do men batter? Battering begins and continues because violence is an effective method for gaining and keeping control over another person. Batterer’s usually do not suffer consequences for their behavior, which encourages them to keep up their behavior. They get a sense of security when they have control that makes them feel better about themselves. Some of the characteristics of batterer’s include men that see women as property, they have low self- esteem, they don’t take blame for their behavior, and they appear to be very charming and often are seen as a â€Å"nice guy† to outsiders looking in. They often have traits such as extreme jealousy, possessiveness, unpredictable behavior and a bad temper. "Why do women stay in violent relationships?" is generally answered with a victim-blaming attitude of abuse. They are often accused of having no character or they must like or need bad treatment, otherwise they would leave. Others may be told that they "love too much" or have "low self-esteem." Common sense would probably have most rational people thinking in this way. The truth is that no one enjoys being abused, no matter what kind of emotional state or self-image they may have. Some of the emotions that I experienced in this kind of relationship are isolation, paranoia, shame and embarrassment. As a victim of abuse, I, like many victims, didn’t rea... ...feelings to hopefully numb the pain. Yet, I needed to remember the pain in order to keep my strength to refrain from going back to my husband. Victims go back to their abuser an average of eight times, this is due to the dependency and the feeling that you can’t live without your abuser, which is a belief that is tactfully instilled by the abuser and learned and accepted by the victim. Domestic violence is horrifying, confusing, and disorienting to say the least. With limited support from friends and family and a society that seemingly supports abuse, or rather, punishes victims for leaving their abusers. We, as a whole, ask that famous question, â€Å"Why does she stay?† She stays because there isn’t a way out. Work Cited: 1. Mason, Miles. â€Å"The ABC’s of Divorce† Divorce Source. www.divorcesource.com/TN/ARTICLES/mason1.html 2. Fischer, Kay-Laurel and McGrane, Michael F. Moving Beyond. Saint Paul, MN; Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, 1997. 3. Brown, Cathy. Personal Interview. November 17, 2004. 4. McGee, Susan. Survivor’s Handbook for Battered Women. August 29, 2003.

Neolithic Art and Architecture Paper Essay

During the â€Å"New† Stone Age, also known as the Neolithic Period, art and life in general began to change drastically for humans. Many new onsets began to bloom, for example humans of this time period had begun to live in single locations versus before they were nomadic hunter-gatherers. This new life introduced new challenges and new opportunities. Within this paper I will discuss three Neolithic Locations, Jericho, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, and Stonehenge. Also, what made each of these sites significant, what new forms of buildings were present at each, and what is still perplexing modern day historians and archaeologists about these sites. I will start with the oldest of the three locations from above, Jericho. Jericho is a city of Palestine, but has been under the occupation of many. Its most important fact is that it is one of the oldest known permanently occupied cities in the world, occupied during the Natufian era (10,800 – 8,500 BCE) to present day. It was primarily occupied during a time known as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period (PPN: 8,500 – 6,000 BCE), which is further broken down into two more time frames called PPNA (8,500 – 7,300 BCE) and PPNB (7,300 – 6,000 BCE). Along with being one of the oldest known cities, Jericho shows us that humans of the Neolithic Period had begun to create permanent structures for living. After the domestication of plants and animals it is believed that Jericho was chosen to be a permanent settlement because it was a plateau of the Jordan River valley with a spring that supplied a constant source for water. During the PPNA, oval homes made from mud bricks with roofs made from wooden branches covered in earth began to appear at Jericho. Around 7,500 BCE, a rock-cut ditch and thick walls approximately 5 feet wide surrounded the city. Within the wall there is a single circular tower (fig. 1), approximately 30 feet high and almost 33 feet in diameter. These walls and towers mark the beginning of monumental architecture. Later, during the PPNB era the architects of Jericho began building the homes with rectangular  mud bricks and a plaster-like mud mortar, these houses were made into rectangular shapes due to the rectangular bricks. During this time we can also find evidence of new forms of art, plastered human skulls. It is believed these heads may have been used for a cult or religion of some sort. The heads were formed around a human skulls with the plaster-like mud mortar and then shells were placed in the eyes, and traces of paint were also found to shown a resemblance of skin and hair (fig 2). Next, let’s discuss another major settlement of the Neolithic Period that was formed between 7,000 and 5,000 BCE, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k. This site is important because it is possible to retrace human evolution of the Neolithic culture over the period of approximately 800 years. The people of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were Neolithic weapon and toolmakers, especially in the use of obsidian. More importantly though was the village itself, it’s architecture and the art that thrived within. Most important about its architecture is that adjoining buildings, meaning it had no streets, formed this village. In July of 2012, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k was inscribed as a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. There are two types of buildings that were constructed within Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, houses and shrines. The houses were made of mud bricks that were strengthened by timber frames. These homes contained no doors, but openings at the top that served as an entrance and a chimney. The interiors were plastered and painted; with platform shelving that was used as sites for sleeping, eating, and working (fig. 3). The dead of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were buried right under platforms of the homes. Although the houses of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k were decorated on the inside there were other buildings slightly larger that contained more decoration, ornate murals, animal heads, paintings and figurines, are the shrines. These buildings still intrigue archaeologists today, as we do not know their true purpose. Along with the architecture of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, you see the beginning of narrative paintings. Although people had begun to raise animals of their own, hunting still played a major part in human life. This is shown in wall painting from Level III of Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k (fig. 4). Also at Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, we find what now referred to as the first map, or the first landscape painting (fig. 5). This landscape painting remained unique for thousands of years, and with carbon dating this painting was executed in or around 6,150 BCE. In addition to painting, at Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k we find sculpture, weaving, pottery  and even techniques of smelting lead. Now let us move on to the most intriguing and puzzling place of these three Neolithic sites, Stonehenge. Stonehenge is a formation of rocks as high as 17 feet and weighing as much as 50 tons. Because these stones are so large historians have called them megaliths, meaning great stones. Stonehenge exists on the Salisbury Plain of southern England. Stonehenge itself is a megalithic monument constructed over the course of several years, in several phases. Stonehenge Phase 1, known as the earthwork monument. The first phase of Stonehenge was begun around 2,950 to 2,900 BCE. During phase one Stonehenge consisted of four sections and two entrances (fig. 6). The four sections are as follows from outside to inside: the Outer bank, the Ditch, the Circular bank, and the Aubrey Holes. The ditch, which is enclosed by two earthen banks, has the same center as the 56 Aubrey Holes inside it, therefore telling historians they came from the same time period. The second phase of Stonehenge is one that still perplexes historians, but the best evidence we have tells us it occurred sometime between 2,900 BCE and 2,550 to 2,400 BCE. During this time of its construction all evidence shows us that Stonehenge was more than likely being used as a cremation site. This phase it is known as the timber monument. All across the in circle of Stonehenge and around both entrance excavations have revealed post-holes which indicate that at this stage in Stonehenge’s construction it was made from timber and not the megalithic stones that now stand. These post-hole sites are divided into three distinct locations, the northeastern entrance, the southern entrance and the confused central pattern. The patterns displayed in the confused central pattern raise many concerns for historians and this is something that still raises questions for them, as it is unknown exactly how big the structures were or how they looked at this time. The third and final phase of Stonehenge is known as the stone monument. This is when what we see today was added to this monument. There are two types of megalithic stones found at Stonehenge, the bluestones and the sarsen stones. The final stage took the form concentric post-and-lintel circles. There are four circles and two horseshoes that were formed in the final stage of Stonehenge. The first two circles formed inside of Stonehenge’s Circular bank are referred to as the Rings of Y and Z Holes. These holes show evidence that Stonehenge may have never been completed, as holes were dug prior to placing stones inside the  monument. Inside of these two circles was a large circle formed out of sarsen stone lintels, then followed by a circle of bluestones. Inside of the two stone circle were the horseshoes, one made of sarsen stones and another inside of that made out of bluestones, with a single stone called the Altar Stone in the center of the bluestone horseshoe (fig. 7). Along the Circular bank four more stones appear, known as the Station Stones. Only two of the four stones still remain, but when you run a line between each of stones it forms a rectangle whose center pinpoints the exact center of the monument. From the center of the monument traveling out toward the northeast entrance you see the last two megaliths of Stonehenge, the Slaughter Stone and the Heel Stone. The Heel stone aligns with the center of Stonehenge at the midsummer solstice, thus giving historians the belief that Stonehenge was used a Calendar. The true use of Stonehenge may never be known, as evidence has also proven that Stonehenge might have been used as an observatory of astronomical aspects. Of these three sites we have learned a lot about our past. We have discovered many forms of artwork, and architectural changes to the human culture. But what we know of these sites is still growing. What will the future hold for us? While we continue to excavate and research these sites, will we find that the humans of Neolithic times were smarter or as smart than we are today? Are there any more new architectural discoveries to be found at these sites? Will we find more art that change the way we look at Art History? These three locations are a vast pile of knowledge still waiting to be discovered and hopefully it will not take us as long to discover the knowledge as it took the ancients to create the locations. Figure 1, Great Stone Tower, Jericho. Reproduced from smarthistory, http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. Figure 2, Plastered Skulls from Yiftah’el. Reproduced from smarthistory, http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. Figure 3, On-site restoration of a typical interior, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, 2005. Reproduced from Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Restauration_B.JPG. Figure 4, Deer Hunt, 5750 BCE. Level III, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, Turkey. Museum of Anatolian Civilization, Ankara. Reproduced from Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011), 26. Figure 5, Landscape with volcanic eruption, 6150 BCE. Level III, Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k, Turkey. Museum of Anatolian Civilization, Ankara. Reproduced from Fred S. Kleiner, Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011), 27. Figure 6, Stonehenge: Phase 1. Reproduced from David Souden, Stonehenge Revealed (New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997), 31. Figure 7, Stonehenge: Phase 3, inner circles. Reproduced from David Souden, Stonehenge Revealed (New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997), 39. Bibliography German, Senta. Çatal Hà ¶yà ¼k. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/catal-hoyuk.html (accessed 12 January 2013). German, Senta. Jericho. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/jericho.html. (accessed 12 January 2013). German, Senta. Stonehenge, Salibury Plain, England. http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/catal-hoyuk.html. (accessed 12 January 2013). Hirst, K. Kris. â€Å"The Archaeology of the Ancient City of Jericho,† Jericho (Palestine). http://archaeology.about.com/od/jterms/qt/jericho.htm. (accessed 12 January 2013) Kleiner, Fred S. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages, A Global History (Boston, MA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2011. Souden, David. Stonehenge Revealed. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc., 1997. Wikipedia. Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, Jericho. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, Stonehenge. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, UNESCO. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO. (accessed 12 January 2013). Wikipedia, World Heritage Site. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site. (accessed 12 January 2013).

Smile Too Much Essays - Concept Albums, Facial Expressions, Laughter

Smile Too Much Essays - Concept Albums, Facial Expressions, Laughter Smile Too Much Smile Too Much? Over the years women have always smiled and you never know why. Women smiling is and everyday occurrence but unlike men they don?t smile as much. Men are more of the type who likes to look big, bad and brave so they think that smiling isn?t for men. When men and women smile around other people it makes them feel more comfortable to be around them. I have experienced being very nervous about being around people who don?t smile and it?s kind of uncomfortable to be around them, because you never know if they?re in a good mood or a bad mood. Most adults these days especially men don?t smile as much because of the economy and how it?s going downhill. For instance they might not be smiling because they just went to get gas and it was over three bucks a gallon and they thought that was absolutely outrageous. Smiling is important to a lot of people so they know how to feel around one person. Amy Cunningham had a very good perspective of smiling between women and men. Her husband stated ?Your smiling face and unthreatening demeanor make people like you in a fuzzy way, but that doesn?t seem to be what you?re after these days.? Smiling is important in women?s lives because we smile constantly. Men smile sometimes but it?s not as common as women do. Guys sometimes judge girls/women on their smile because your smile shows some of your personality. Take me for example I?m usually always smiling when I walk into a classroom or say hi to people I pass in the hallways. Some girls would just not smile at all or be one of the girls who live in their own little world and not smile at anything. Men on the other hand try to avoid smiling because they want to look like a man and men don?t smile, they hide it so people can?t see their emotions. In my opinion some guys smile are great and I don?t know why they would want to hide it front of people. When it comes to Smiling between men an d women it works in a bunch of different ways. In other countries smiling can be used as showing them how they hide their feelings like pain or sadness. People expect women to smile no matter how they feel. Like ?let?s take the example of the woman walking down the street, A car full of guy are driving and see a lady walking down the street and yell ? hey baby, smile! Life?s not that bad is it If women don?t smile everybody thinks something is wrong with her. ?Women weren?t expected to seem animated and responsive; in fact, immoderate laughter was once considered one of the more conspicuous vices a woman could have, and mirth was downright sinful.? See in the earlier days it was said it was bad for women to smile or laugh. But when men don?t smile everyone thinks is a natural thing that guys shouldn?t smile or be made to smile. A weakness I thought that stood out the most would have to be that Cunningham didn?t mention about guys smiling, yes I know this article I read was about women smiling, but, they need to at least put some input into men smiling as well. Also it doesn?t mention a lot about if women never smiled or wouldn?t smile. Women smile a lot but when they don?t there is a reason for that and some people don?t take that into consideration that there are reasons why we don?t smile and that we don?t always have to tell people what is wrong. Some of the time women smile so people don?t notice they are hurting inside because they don?t want to be bothered by all the questions of why you aren?t happy. Women don?t have to smile but they were expected to back in the days when women had to smile. But honestly I think that was unfair because women had to be the one who looked happy all the time even if they didn?t want to. Unlike men they got to chosen when they wanted to smile. In these days in

The Best AP Psychology Study Guide

The Best AP Psychology Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips AP courses cover a lot of complex information, and it's not always easy to find great study materials and strategies. I've written this AP Psychology study guide as a way to make the process of studying for the AP test and other in-class assessments a little less overwhelming. It will help you figure out how to structure your studying, give you strategies to better understand the material, and provide links to notes and practice resources. If you follow the advice in this guide, you'll be on your way to a high score! What’s in This Study Guide? This guide will help you study for the AP Psychology exam and other assessments in your class by providing study strategies and other resources that pertain to the material covered in the course. In the first section, you'll learn how to create a study plan for the exam that supports your needs as a student. This section applies exclusively to the final AP exam, so it's less relevant if you’re just studying for an in-class test. The next section provides study tips that are specific to AP Psychology and will serve you well as you prepare for both in-class tests and the final exam. The last part of the guide is devoted to notes, outlines, videos, and other online resources that will be useful in your studying. AP Psychology Study Plans Before you start studying, you should know the difference between where you are in your knowledge of the material and where you want to be. Find a practice test in a review book or online, print it out, and take it as though it were the real AP Psychology test (70 minutes for the 100 multiple-choice questions and 50 minutes for the two free-response questions). If it’s from a review book, the book should guide you in calculating your score. If not, you can use this chart to estimate your AP score: Composite Score AP Score 113-150 5 93-112 4 77-92 3 65-76 2 0-64 1 To calculate your composite score, first add up all the multiple-choice questions you answered correctly. Then, convert the number of points you earned on the free-response questions to a value out of 50. For example, if you got 8 out of 15 points on the two free-response questions, you would convert that to about 27 out of 50. Add those two numbers together to get your composite score. Depending on how much you need to improve and the amount of time you have before the test, you might choose to structure your studying in different ways. I’ll go through a 10-hour plan and a 20-hour plan. The shorter plan is for students hoping to improve by one AP point or raise their score within the same AP range so that they feel more comfortable during the test. The longer plan is for students hoping to improve by two or more AP points (and can be extended further if necessary). I know this doesn't seem like much time, but a few hours of focused studying goes a long way for this particular subject. Psychology is one of the shorter AP tests (just two hours total), so practice testing won't be as long of a process. Additionally, questions tend to be based on memorization of definitions of terms and some logical reasoning. There aren't as many complex thought processes involved. Overall, AP Psychology is considered one of the easier AP tests. Most students will probably be able to earn a high score (4 or 5) by studying for 10 hours or less. 10-Hour Study Plan Take a diagnostic test (2 hours) Score the test and analyze your mistakes (1.5 hours) Study content and revise strategy, keeping in mind your mistakes on the diagnostic test (2 hours) Take another practice test (2 hours) Score the test and analyze your mistakes (1.5 hours) Final study session to clear up any issues you had on the second test (1 hour) 20-Hour Study Plan Take a diagnostic test (2 hours) Score the test and analyze your mistakes (1.5 hours) Study content and revise strategy, keeping in mind your mistakes on the diagnostic test (3 hours) Take another practice test (2 hours) Score the test and analyze your mistakes (1.5 hours) Study areas of content where you’re still missing questions, do practice questions, continue to revise strategy (3 hours) Take a third practice test (2 hours) Score the test and analyze your mistakes (1.5 hours) Final study session to clear up any confusion (1.5 hours) Wrap up your studying with a final practice test (2 hours) Each of these plans has the same basic components, but the second one allows you to spend more time studying content and has more room for additional practice tests. If you’re trying to improve by 2 or more AP points, it’s likely that there are some major gaps in your content knowledge that warrant additional studying. It’s extremely important to document and analyze your mistakes on each practice test if you’re hoping to make big improvements. Mistakes come in several different forms, and you should be aware of this so that you can make appropriate changes to your test-taking strategy and study plan after each practice test. If the majority of your incorrect answers are the results of careless mistakes or poor time management, the solution to your problem isn't necessarily more content review. These types of mistakes respond better to additional practice testing that increases your familiarity with time limits and question formats. If, on the other hand, you find that all or most of your incorrect answers are due to gaps in content knowledge, you can use this information to focus your studying on the areas that cost you the most points. I’d recommend categorizing your mistakes so that you know where to direct your studying. In this case, you might not need to make many modifications to your actual test-taking strategy. Most students will have a mixture of both types of mistakes, but it's good to be mindful of where your biggest problems lie so that you can tackle them more efficiently. Writing down your study plan or scheduling it in a planner will help you stay on task. Yesssss. Become one with the stock photo. 4 AP Psychology Study Tips Before you start studying content for AP Psychology, I want to give you a few studying and test-taking tips that will help you get the most out of your time. Here are some pointers to keep in mind when preparing for the AP test and any other in-class assessments throughout the year: Tip #1: Terms Are Super Important You’ll need to have extensive knowledge of the definitions of psychological terms for both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the test. Some definitions are relatively intuitive, but others are almost impossible to figure out if you haven't studied them directly. Be meticulous about going over all terms covered by the class so that you don’t second guess yourself on the test. This is especially important for free-response questions, where you’ll be asked to describe how terms relate to certain situations. You need to understand them beyond just the ability to pick their correct definitions out of a multiple choice lineup. Flashcards are a very useful study tool for AP Psychology. Tip #2: Make the Abstract Concrete With all the confusing terminology involved in this course, it's easy to get mixed up and think that a term means one thing when it really means another. Since psychology deals with how people act and process information on a day-to-day basis, it’s a great idea to connect terms to specific scenarios in your life. For example, you might connect a term like â€Å"reciprocity norm,† which says that people tend to treat others the same way they have been treated, to a situation where a store employee was rude to you. Maybe they received poor treatment from other customers and were reflecting that back onto you (they also could just be a jerk, but it’s nice to give people the benefit of the doubt). When you make this type of connection, the term becomes stickier in your memory because it’s tied to the heavy weight of a real life experience. You can practice applying psychology terms to your everyday life at any time because the concepts are constantly demonstrated all around us. I don't mean that you should literally make things concrete. However, even this picture could be relevant because it looks like a scene from some sort of serial killer horror movie. You can use it to remember Antisocial Personality Disorder. Tip #3: Logic, Logic, Logic Remember to listen to your common sense when answering questions. In some cases on the AP exam, you can figure out the answer with nothing but a little bit of logic. It’s common for students to forget this and start to worry if they don’t know what every part of the question means. Take a step back, and think about which answer makes the most sense based on what you do know. You may be surprised by how many questions you can answer this way. Here's an example (which I used in my AP Psychology review article as well) of what I'm talking about: There are a few complex terms involved, and the question might seem wordy, but it's actually very basic. When they were scared, the monkeys preferred the soft cloth mother over the uncomfortable wire mother with food. Logically, we can conclude that the answer is B. Overthinking is the downfall of many high-achieving students, so don't start to doubt yourself just because the answer seems "too simple" to you! Tip #4: Complete Sentences, Not Complete Essays Although this isn’t really a study tip, I think it’s important to know before the exam. It probably also applies to in-class tests. Psychology is about your grasp of science, not English, so don't bother with introductions, conclusions, or any other fluff surrounding your answers on free response questions. All you need to do is give a direct answer in a complete sentence. You’ll save time and make it easier for the graders to give you points. It’s smart to get used to doing this on practice free-response questions so that you'll be a pro by exam time. Get to the point(s). AP Psychology Content: Notes, Outlines, and Videos Here are some resources that cover all the content you'll see on the exam. I’ve also included the percentage of exam questions that deal with each topic. Depending on your learning style, you might decide to look at written notes or follow along with a video in areas where your understanding is weaker. You can also use these resources throughout the year to review for in-class assessments. If you had difficulty understanding a concept as it was taught to you in class, you might use the notes and videos in this article to access alternative explanations. You could also use them to supplement your studying if you found that you were consistently coming up with incorrect answers to questions in a certain topic area on quizzes or practice tests. History and Approaches (2-4% of exam) WikiNotes PowerPoint Video Research Methods (8-10% of exam) WikiNotes PowerPoint Video Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10% of exam) Wikinotes Neural Processing and the Endocrine System The Brain Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior PowerPoint Video Sensation and Perception (6-8% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video States of Consciousness (2-4% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Learning (7-9% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Cognition (8-10% of exam) Wikinotes Memory Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language PowerPoint Video Motivation and Emotion (6-8% of exam) Wikinotes Motivation Emotions, Stress, and Health PowerPoint Video Developmental Psychology (7-9% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Personality (5-7% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Testing and Individual Differences (5-7% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Abnormal Psychology (7-9% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint (Part 1 and Part 2) Video Treatment of Psychological Disorders (5-7% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Social Psychology (8-10% of exam) Wikinotes PowerPoint Video Overall Review AP Psychology Full Review Sheet List of Terms and People to Remember Full Playlist of Crash Course Psychology Videos The way your brain works is a puzzle, but you can solve it with the magic of psychology! ISN'T LEARNING FUN? Resources to Test Your Knowledge If you're unsure of where to start with your studying or prefer to learn in a more interactive way, here are some additional online resources for reviewing concepts and taking practice tests: College Board The College Board site has real AP Psychology free-response questions with answer guides from 1999 to 2017. You can also access the latest AP Psychology course description for sample multiple-choice questions and answer explanations. Barron’s Take a free full-length AP Psychology practice test on the Barron’s website. It’s automatically graded for you! Disclaimer: If you use this resource, make sure you supplement the practice test with other official practice tests from the College Board. Unofficial practice test questions created by prep companies are not always accurate representations of the format and content of the real test. Albert.io This site includes practice questions that cover all the topics in AP Psychology. It divides them into easy, medium, and hard difficulty levels and records how many questions within each level you’ve answered correctly. This makes it simple to gauge which areas need the most work. Quizlet This site has a bunch of sets of Flashcards with AP Psych terms to help you practice. Here’s a strong set of flashcards based on the Myers textbook. And here's another that goes through all the famous psychologists you should know. Varsity Tutors This site has several diagnostic tests to help you get a feel for how much you know already (they’re not complete AP tests, but they’re a nice way to assess your knowledge briefly between full practice test sessions). It also has a bunch of mini quizzes organized by topic area and labeled based on difficulty level. Flashcards for AP Psychology terms and concepts are included here as well. The AP Psychology Commune (I’m Not Kidding) This amazingly ridiculous site has self-grading multiple-choice quizzes for AP Psychology. I encourage you to check out the rest of the site as well for a journey into madness that will permanently scare you off drugs. High School Test Prep This site has lots of free practice tests organized by topic area. You’ll get immediate feedback with detailed answer explanations as you go along. A whole internet's worth of AP Psychology practice resources are at your poorly-photoshopped fingertips! Conclusion Following the advice in this study guide is a promising step towards a high score on the AP Psychology test and other tests throughout the school year. AP Psychology is a completely manageable subject if you prepare for the exam responsibly. Memorizing key terms, applying concepts to your everyday life, using common sense to solve practice questions, and staying focused on the free-response section will all contribute to your success in class and on the AP test. After reading this article, you should have everything you need to successfully answer even the most challenging questions the College Board throws at you! What's Next? For more information on how to prepare for the AP Psychology exam, check out my comprehensive review guide. Are you looking for some review books to supplement your studying? Read about the best review books for AP Psychology. You can also try our articles on specific psychology topics, like this one about Stockholm Syndrome. If you're still trying to decide how many AP classes you should take in high school, read this article for some great advice! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Mathmos Ltd Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Mathmos Ltd - Dissertation Example In this report, an in-depth analysis of Mathmos Ltd has been done with the help of different tools such as SWOT Analysis, PESTEL Analysis, and Porter’s Five Forces Model etc in order to determine the key areas of strengths as well as weaknesses to improve and enhance the overall performance of the company. In the second part, different methods have been discussed that can be used to increase the revenues and establish the brand in the industry. The main objective of this paper is to identify managerial ways for Mathmos Ltd which is facing a decline due to lack of innovation and proper management. Recommendations are given that can be implemented to boost the business as increased competition offers many challenges in today’s world. Mathmos Ltd. Introduction: Mathmos Ltd is a privately owned company located in London, United Kingdom. It primarily sells Wholesale lamps, Ceiling Light, Ceramic Lamps, Modern Lamps and Tiffany Lamps. The annual revenues of the company are 4, 822,851. It strives to produce new light technologies to delight its customers. The Mathmos Mobile range was the first rechargeable LED which developed many products such as Aaron Rincover’s Bubble and color changing ‘aduki’ range etc. Bubble became very popular and also received many awards like an IDEA award, D&AD commendation, Red Dot Award and many more. Some of their products are also invented and designed with the help of external designers. Talented designers are always encouraged to be a part of Mathmos products. Background of the company: It was established in 1963 by Mr. Walker who invented the first lava lamp. The lamp immediately gained the attention of the customers and sales increased at a higher rate in UK. It also appeared in many movies and films. In 1989, the company was taken over by Cressida Granger and David Mulley. They modified the lamp according to the modern times and introduced a whole range of ambient lights. Initially, the products wer e designed and manufactured in the house but due to its popularity and increased demand, the company doubled in size each year. In the late 1990s, cheap duplicate copies of the lamp begun to appear in the market. This was a potential threat to Mathmos and change was required for the survival and success of the company. In 1998, the sole owner of the company was Cressida Granger as David left the company. The company was hit by the global recession and the size of the organization was reduced in order to compete in the rapidly growing environment. Since then Mathmos is following the strategy of constantly offering innovative designs. A program of new product development was launched to differentiate their products from the copied ones. Product manufacturing was shifted overseas to offer more competitive prices. Mathmos is a small company now but it still has a wide range of good quality products. Their main focus is towards lighting and it markets its product on the international lev el through retail and wholesale channels. Products: It offers a wide range of products which include: Lava Lamps LED & Mood lights Space Projector Airswitch lights Candlelights Lamp shades SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. It is a strategic tool to audit the organization and its environment. It specifies the objective of the business and evaluates these four factors to determine the key issues faced by an organization. Thus, we will determine the key issues faced by Mathmos on the basis of which future predictions and measures can be taken. The aim of this analysis is to discover new alternatives to increase the performance and profitability of Mathmos Ltd. Strengths: It is the pioneer in the light manufacturing equipments. It enjoys a dominant position in the light manufacture industry due to their high-quality products. It provides free advisory services by consulting spaces. It has a strong network of distribution channels which enhan ces its efficiency in the delivery of products at the right time. In order to stay in the world of

Kindly see the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kindly see the instruction - Essay Example beliefs, as well as the many testimonies from couples of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered community (LGBT), judges and citizens alike are looking to overturn the Defense Against Marriage Act, which would allow gay couples to have the same federal benefits as their heterosexual counterparts. On March 27, 2013, the members of the Supreme Court gathered to hear the testimonies, fears, and concerns that both opposers and proponents of gay marriage had. Those that oppose gay marriage, specifically those that allowed California’s Proposition 8, which would ban gay marriage and overturn the marriages that had been conducted previously, made their side of the argument known that marriage is a union that has always been available only to men and women. Though they could find no consequences of people within the LGBT community becoming legally married, they continued to argue that to allow them the chance to marry would go against the very definition of marriage. The proponents for gay marriage, a large following that consists of homosexuals and heterosexuals alike, simply believe that under the freedom that America stands for they should be allowed to marry someone they love. After the first day of hearing testimonies, members of the Court also had their say about their own stances in regard to gay marriage. Justice Anthony Kennedy, who is â€Å"seen as the swing vote between liberal and conservative justices† (Dymond, par. 8), is less concerned about the marriage debate itself and more concerned about whether or not the federal government had the authority to legalize and then ban gay marriage in California. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg believes that there should be two separate types of marriage, a full marriage for heterosexual couples and what is referred to as the skim-milk marriage for homosexuals. There were other members, though, we were not as neutral. Elena Kagan found that the Defense Against Marriage Act was written and enforced out of